破产视角下最高额保证债权的确定

On the Determination of the Maximum Amount of Guaranteed Claims from the Perspective of Bankruptcy

最高额保证人破产受理时,主债权和保证债权均确定,但管理人仍有继续履行合同之决定权,此时虽适用债权人利益优先原则,但债权人若因违反《企业破产法》第49条而致损害,应承担相应损失。债务人破产时保证债权加速到期有其必然性,但保证债权停止计息并无必要。债务人、最高额保证人进入解散程序,会引发债权确定,为满足债权时点的清晰性并推动清算程序,债权确定时点应为组成清算组时。《民法典》第423条的规定体现了债权确定形式主义与实质主义的结合,债权确定的认定实质上是债权债务一般规则的延伸,形式认定债权确定后自可依其他规则实质解除。

When the bankruptcy of the maximum guarantor is accepted,both the main claim and the guaranteed claim are determined,but the trustee still has the right to continue to perform the contract.At this time,although the principle of prioritizing the interests of the creditor should be applied,if the creditor violates Article 49 of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law and causes damage,he shall bear the corresponding losses.It is necessary to guarantee the accelerated maturity of the creditor s right when the debtor is bankrupt,but it is not necessary to guarantee the cessation of interest on the creditor s right.The debtor and the maximum guarantor enter the dissolution procedure,which will trigger the determination of claims.In order to satisfy the clarity of the time of claims and promote the liquidation procedure,the time of determination of claims should be when the liquidation team is formed.The provisions of Article 423 of the Civil Code embody the combination of formalism and substantivism in the determination of claims.The determination of claims is essentially an extension of the general rules of claims and debts.After formal determination,claims can be substantially lifted according to other rules.