食源性细菌活的非可培养状态中菌体活性检测方法的研究进展

Advancements in viability detection methods for foodborne bacteria in the viable but nonculturable state

微生物在食品安全中扮演着关键角色,由于食源性致病菌环境适应能力强、传播速度快其带来的食物安全事件频发,对公共健康的威胁日益增加。传统基于平板培养的微生物检测方法已无法满足现代食品安全的需求,尤其是难以有效识别“活的非可培养”(the viable but nonculturable,VBNC)状态的微生物,以及近年引起争论的中空细胞,常导致假阴性或假阳性结果,严重时可能忽略实际的食品安全风险。因此,对食品微生物活菌进行早期、快速且准确的检测对食品安全和追踪疫情爆发至关重要,以便及时识别并召回受污染食品,防止感染的扩散。本文详细论述了当前广泛报道的食源性细菌VBNC状态中菌体活性检测方法,包括基于膜通透性、细胞代谢活性、免疫学、核酸扩增的活菌检测技术等,重点关注基于恒温核酸扩增技术的活菌检测法,对基于不同生物技术的快速检测方法的检测原理、实际应用及其优劣势进行了对比,并展望了食源性细菌VBNC状态中菌体活性检测方法特别是核酸扩增技术的研究,为后续食源性细菌VBNC状态中菌体活性检测方法研究提供了理论依据,有助于促进开发和筛选针对食源性细菌VBNC状态中菌体活性检测方法的新兴技术,从而更全面地监控食品中的微生物状态,能为食品安全管理提供科学、精确的数据支持。

Microorganisms are pivotal in food safety.The high adaptability and rapid spread of foodborne pathogens frequently lead to food safety incidents,posing an escalating threat to public health.Traditional plate culture-based microbial detection methods are inadequate for modern food safety needs,especially in identifying“The viable but nonculturable”(VBNC)state microorganisms and the recently debated ghost cells.These limitations often result in false negatives or false positives,potentially overlooking actual food safety risks.Thus,early,rapid,and accurate detection of viable foodborne microorganisms is essential for ensuring food safety and outbreak tracking,enabling timely identification and recall of contaminated food to prevent the spread of infections.This paper discussed the widely reported methods for detecting bacterial activity in foodborne bacteria in VBNC state in detail,including viable bacterial detection techniques based on membrane permeability,cell metabolic activity,immunology,nucleic acid amplification,etc.,focused on viable bacterial detection methods based on isothermal nucleic acid amplification,compared the detection principle,practical application and advantages and disadvantages of the rapid detection methods based on different biotechnologies,and prospected the research on the detection methods of bacterial activity in foodborne bacteria VBNC state,especially nucleic acid amplification technology.This review aims to offer a theoretical foundation for future research on detection methods for viable cells in the VBNC state of foodborne bacteria,promoting the development and selection of emerging technologies tailored to this purpose.Ultimately,it contributes to a more comprehensive monitoring of microbial states in food,providing scientific and precise data to support food safety management.