论《民法典》第1246条的体系定位——以与第1245条的适用关系为中心

The System Positioning of Article 1246 of Chinese Civil Code——Focusing on the Applicable Relationship with Article 1245

《民法典》第1246条在规范类型上既可以作为请求原因,也可以作为再抗辩规范。当第1246条作为请求原因时,用规范竞合的理论分析,其与第1245条之间的关系为“特别法与一般法”。当第1246条作为再抗辩规范时,按照请求权基础检查体系与证明责任体系,其与第1245条构成“例外与原则”。在适用顺序上,按照两种理论,都是作为例外规范与特别法的第1246条优先适用。在审查顺序上,不同体系之间虽存在分歧,但可以调和:法官在诉讼中,应当首先按第1245条审查;若当事人主张动物饲养人/管理人“违反管理规定,未对动物采取安全措施”时,则依第1246条审查。

Article 1246 can be used as a basis of the right of claim or as a re-defense.When Article 1246 is used as a basis of the right of claim,the relationship between Article 1246 and Article 1245 is“special law and general law”.When Article 1246 is used as a further defense,it shall be in accordance with the burden of proof and inspection in the basis of claims.This constitutes an“exception and principle”relationship with Article 1245.In the order of application,there is no difference between the two.Article 1246 is preferred as the Exceptional and the Special Law.However,from the perspective of the order of review,there seems to be disagreement between different systems,but there is actually room for reconciliation.In the case,the judge shall first examine it in accordance with Article 1245.If a party in the trial saying that the animal keeper or manager“having violated the management regulations and having not taken security measures”,it shall be examined in accordance with Article 1246.