公共产品、身份和能力:北约干预俄乌冲突的集体行动逻辑

Security Supply,Identity and Capability:The Logic for Collective Actions of NATO's Intervention in the Ukrainian Crisis

北约针对2022年的俄乌冲突采取了强化自身集体防御和激励间接干预的双向策略。本文基于国际政治经济学、政治学和军事战略学视角的折中主义分析框架,分别通过安全公共产品、身份、能力三个因素对北约的集体行动展开分析。在公共产品层面,成员整体供给意愿较高,供给过程遵循边际成本规律和林达尔均衡,使集体行动的困境相较之前得到缓解。在身份认知层面,北约通过利用“跨大西洋安全社区”等身份符号,框定了乌克兰的伙伴身份,强化了内部的集体决策共识和对外干预韧性,将意识形态转变为对外干预的内部增压器。在能力聚合层面,北约基于专门为乌克兰搭建的制度系统,在美国主导的“智能防御”概念引导下,强化各成员国在干预行动中的战略依托性、战术兼容性和责任模糊性。结果表明,北约为了最大限度地塑造对其有利的态势,采取了系统性的干预行动,对内部整合、干预手段进行调整,这对联盟自身变革和俄乌冲突都产生了重要影响。

The NATO defines the Ukrainian crisis in 2022 as the single most important variable in the security situation in the first half of the 21st Century.While strengthening traditional treaty obligations,it has as well established operational resilience in its intervention in the Ukrainian crisis.Based on the eclectic analysis framework from the perspectives of international political economy,political science and military strategy,this article analyzes the NATO's collective actions through the three factors of security supply as a public good,identity cognition and capability cluster.At the level of security supply,due to the high degree of the willingness of the NATO as a whole to supply its public goods,the revenue and expenditure dilemma of collective intervention has been alleviated in spite of the differences in the contribution driving force and efficiency of pure public goods production among its member states.At the level of identity cognition,the NATO has framed Ukraine's partner identity by using identity role symbols and strengthened internal collective decision-making consensus and external intervention resilience.At the capability aggregation level,based on a set of institutional systems built specifically for Ukraine and guided by the US-led concept of“smart defense”,the NATO has strengthened the strategic reliance,tactical compatibility and responsibility ambiguity of its member states in intervention operations.The results show that NATO has made changes in external intervention methods and effectiveness while overcoming internal problems,which has had an important impact on both the alliance's transformation and on the Ukrainian crisis.