南北朝敦煌遗书《涅槃经》注疏考述

An Exploration of the Commentaries on the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra in the Dunhuang Manuscripts from the Northern and Southern Dynasties

敦煌遗书中保存了大量南北朝大乘《大般涅槃经》的注疏文献,且基本属于藏外佛教文献。其中51件《涅槃经》注疏文献的基本信息、缀合情况、文献性质及内容特征有待系统研究。这批文献总计7886行,20余万字,涉及《涅槃经》中除“大众所问品”“现病品”之外的所有品目,体量较大,内容丰富,涵括经序、随文疏释与教理论义等,是对南北朝藏内佛教文献的有力补充。经过录文校勘整理,这51件写本可以缀合为23件独立的《涅槃经》疏释文献。通过对其形式的比较分析,可知南北朝《涅槃经》不同版本的实际流传情况较为复杂,其注释方式反映出中国佛教初期义疏体裁的发展和演变。在内容上,这批经疏保存了多元化的义理阐释,其广泛征引各种经论,深入推动了南北朝涅槃学的发展。

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties,Buddhism developed rapidly,and a large number of Buddhist sutras and treatises were translated.While participating in the translation and learning these texts,Chinese Buddhist scholars wrote a large number of commentaries on Buddhist sutras and treatises,began to think independently,presenting a new landscape of the development of Buddhism in China.There are at least 53 commentaries on the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra(hereafter MPNS)in the Northern and Southern Dynasties preserved in Dunhuang manuscripts,which are basically Buddhist texts unavailable in the Tripiṭaka.They are:Shanghai Library no.064,no.2764B in TaishōShinshūDaizōkyō(《大正新修大藏经》),BD00093,BD00260,BD02224,BD02316,BD02276,BD02291,BD05210,BD07889,BD09732,BD10681,BD11459,BD15639,BD15652,P.2313,P.2908,P.3119,P.3291,P.3502,S.00269V,S.00531,S.02430V,S.02722,S.02735,S.03742A,S.03742B,S.06153,S.07885,S.08006,S.08079,S.08221A,S.08221B,S.08221C,S.08221D,S.08221E,S.08221F,S.08221G,S.08221H,S.08221I,S.08221J,S.08241,S.09436,S.10704,Canmo(残墨)002,Canmo 005,Canmo 009,kyo-U(杏雨)430,kyo-U 589-7,kyo-U 725-1,kyo-U 762-1,Shodō(书道)006,Shodō047.The first two manuscripts will not be discussed in this paper.The collation of the remaining 51 commentaries on the MPNS may have made sporadic progress,but most of them have not attracted the attention of the academic field at all.Their basic information,combined conditions,textual features and characteristics need to be systematically elucidated and studied.These manuscripts,with a total of 7,886 lines and more than 200,000 words,covers all the chapters in the MPNS except for the chapters of“On the questions raised by the crowd”(大众所问品)and“On actual illness”(现病品).These texts are large in size,and their specific contents include the preface to the MPNS,the explanation of the text and the discussion of the doctrines.Their contents are rich,which is a powerful supplement to the Tripiṭaka in the Northern and Southern dynasties.After the collation and comparative studies,these 51 manuscripts can be integrated into 23 independent commentaries on the MPNS.Through the comparative analysis of these textual forms,it can been found that the southern and northern editions of the MPNS in the Northern and Southern Dynasties became complicated in the specific circulations.Some commentaries followed the chapter structure of the southern edition of the MPNS in the writing,but when referring to the specific words and sentences,they were subject to the contents of the northern edition of the MPNS.The ideological tendency behind them is worth noting.The explanation or discussion style in these commentaries also reflects the development and evolution of yishu(义疏)genre in the early stage of Chinese Buddhism.Most of these manuscripts are basically yishu works,with specific titles such as shu(疏)and yiji(义记).Their explanation styles in the early yishu works share the features of paragraph divisions and clarification of the main ideas of the sutras.Gradually differences began to be demonstrated in shu and yiji.When shu still kept the tradition,yiji began to focus on the interpretation of thematic concepts,which will lead to the emergence of yizhang(义章)genre.In terms of contents,these commentaries preserved a wide range of interpretations,reflecting the active state of communication and development in the field of Buddhist thought at this time.These views can be compared with the Buddhist literature in Tripiṭaka,which is helpful for a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the different aspects of Buddhist thought in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.In addition,these texts extensively cited various Buddhist sutras and treatises when interpreting the MPNS,such as the Humane King Perfection of Wisdom Sutra(《仁王般若波罗蜜经》),Sutra of the Diadem of the Primary Activities of the Bodhisattvas(《菩萨璎珞本业经》)and Chengshi Lun(《成实论》),which further promoted the development of Nirvana Studies in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.Therefore,the comparative studies with the commentaries on the other sutras and treatises should be an important direction of Buddhist studies in the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the future.