小行星防御卫星的轨道特性对其防御范围的影响研究

Effect of orbital characteristics of asteroid defense satellites on their defense range

近地小行星防御问题研究意义深远,不仅涉及地球生态系统稳定与物种多样性保护,更与人类文明安危直接相关.动能撞击是对近地小行星进行防御的一种有效方案,大部分现有研究主要集中于从地球表面发射防御卫星进行小行星拦截.本文关注天基防御方案,即在地球高轨道有针对性地部署防御卫星,以对潜在威胁地球的近地小行星实施紧急动能撞击.基于此方案,本文深入探讨不同轨道特性对防御系统的有效防御范围的影响.以防御卫星轨控发动机的最大变轨能力为约束,通过求解二体模型中的Lambert问题,探究卫星轨道的不同半长轴、偏心率和倾角对防御范围的影响.研究结果发现,卫星轨道的有效防御范围会随着半长轴的增大而扩大,偏心率增加则会导致防御范围缩小,而轨道倾角的增大初始会使防御范围减小,随后逐渐增大,并在倾角达到90°时触达最小值.本研究致力于全面理解天基防御系统的性能特点,并提出优化防御卫星轨道配置的有效建议,旨在进一步提高近地小行星紧急防御的整体效能.

The study of the near-Earth asteroid is crucial for the stability of the Earth’s ecosystem,the protection of species diversity,and the safety of human civilization.A kinetic impact is an effective option for defense against near-Earth asteroids,and several studies have focused on launching defense satellites from the Earth’s surface for asteroid interception.This paper explores a space-based defense,namely,the deployment of defense satellites in high Earth orbit to deliver emergency kinetic impacts against near-Earth asteroids that threaten the Earth.Furthermore,this paper delves into the impacts of various orbital characteristics on the effective defense range of a defense system.By considering the maximum orbit change capability of the orbit control engine of the defense satellites as a constraint,the effects of different semi-major axis lengths,eccentricities,and inclination of the satellite orbit on the defense range were investigated by solving the Lambert problem in a two-body model.Results revealed that the effective defense range of the satellite orbit increases with the increase in the semi-major axis length,decreases with the increasing eccentricity,and initially decreases with increasing inclination,gradually increases thereafter,and reaches a minimum value at 90°.The study comprehensively investigates the performance characteristics of space-based systems that are effective for optimizing the orbital configurations of satellites,further improving the overall effectiveness of emergencies against near-Earth asteroids.