孔子修《春秋》说的由“述”而“作”之变——一种文献形成史角度的阐释

The Evolution of Confucius’Approach to“The Spring and Autumn Annals”from“Narrating”to“Creating”:An Interpretation from the Perspective of the History of Literature Formation

从文献形成史的角度来考察,孔子于《春秋》,从其史料来源于鲁《春秋》言,是论次;从其义例和笔法主要依据旧法来说,是因袭;从其大量删削鲁《春秋》常见条目和内容,以及改易部分辞句,统一义例来说,是修订;从其实际上由此确立一种义法精神、修史原则,使自己主要用以教学的《春秋》成为战国中期及以后士人认识春秋时代的主要典籍和依归说,则是创作。孔子由“述而不作”的思想方法出发,终能制作“六经”,垂法后世,也体现了春秋晚期私学兴起、诸子方兴时代述作观念和著述模式转变中的过渡性特征。

From a historiographical perspective,the work of Confucius on The Spring and Autumn Annals can be viewed in several ways.Firstly,considering its historical material derived from the Lu Spring and Autumn Annals,it can be seen as an annotation.Secondly,in terms of its reliance on traditional methods for its meaning and style,it represents a continuation.Thirdly,given the extensive deletion of common entries and content from the Lu Spring and Autumn Annals,as well as the alteration of some phrases and the unification of meaning and style,it can be classified as a revision.Additionally,in establishing a spirit of righteousness and law,along with a principle of historical compilation through this work,making it the main text for teaching and the primary classic for scholars to understand the Spring and Autumn period during the mid-Warring States period and thereafter,it is considered a creation.Confucius' approach,rooted in the concept of“narrating without creating,”ultimately led to the production of the“Six Classics,”which have been passed down as a model for later generations.This transformation also reflects the transitional nature of the rise of private schools in the late Spring and Autumn period and the changing concepts of composition and writing patterns during the era of flourishing philosophical schools.