以色列司法改革的动因及其社会反响

The Motivation and Social Repercussion of Judicial Reform in Israel

自20世纪80年代以来,以色列司法机构的权力不断扩大,频频否决议会立法和政府决策,引发右翼政客和民众的强烈不满。为了限制司法机构的权力,2023年1月4日,以色列司法部部长莱文提出对司法系统进行全面改革,包括改变法官述选程序赋予执政联盟对法官任命的控制权、取消最高法院对议会立法的司法审查权、议会可简单多数推翻最高法院裁决、法院不能以“合理性”为由取消政府决定、改革政府法律顾问等五项内容。其中的合理性条款已于2023年7月在议会表决通过。以色列右翼执政联盟发起的司法改革代表着民粹主义的政治方案,旨在削弱司法系统对立法和行政部门的牵制作用,是政治极化延伸到司法领域的体现。司法改革在以色列国内外激起强烈反响,加剧了本就错综复杂的政治、宗教和民族矛盾,给以色列国的未来走向带来诸多不确定性。

Since the 1980s,the Israeli judiciary has grown in power,which frequently vetoes Knesset legislation and government decisions,provoking a backlash from right-wing politicians and the public.In an effort to limit the power of the judiciary,on January 4,2023,Israeli Justice Minister Levin proposed a comprehensive reform of the judicial system,including changing the selection process for judges to give the ruling coalition control over the appointment of judges,removing the Supreme Court's judicial review of Knesset legislation,allowing Knesset to overturn Supreme Court rulings by a simple majority,preventing courts from annulling government decisions on grounds of"reasonableness",and reforming the government's legal counsel.The reasonableness clause was passed by a Knesset vote in July 2023.The judicial reform initiated by Israel's right-wing ruling coalition represents a populist political solution aimed at weakening the judicial system's restraining power on the legislative and executive branches,and is a manifestation of political polarization extending to the judicial field.The judicial reform has provoked strong reactions both domestically and internationally,not only exacerbating the already complex political,religious,and ethnic conflicts in Israel,but also creating multiple uncertainties about the future course of the State of Israel.