俄国在北高加索地区的一体化进程及其影响

The Process of Russian Integration in the North Caucasus and its Impact

19世纪下半叶,高加索战争的结束为北高加索纳入俄国奠定了基础,同时也开启了北高加索地区的一体化进程。俄国在北高加索的一体化政策,旨在形成统一的社会文化、经济基础和政治认同,并在北高加索地区确立俄国国家地位。在行政上,从早期人质制度转变为执达官制度,俄国实现了对北高加索地区的直接控制,并且以高加索防御工事为据点,设立了行政和司法机构、军事和粮食供应仓库等行政系统;在文化领域,东正教的传教活动、俄语的推广、教育体系和文化机构的建立是实施北高加索地区一体化的有效政策。在人口政策上,俄国内部省份的哥萨克人和农民移居北高加索是该地区进行一体化的重要因素。俄国通过移民的内迁和山民的外迁,改变了该地区的民族政治空间,以期能对当地人的文化和意识形态产生影响。基于俄罗斯化思想的一体化政策对北高加索地区的社会政治、民族构成和文化生活领域产生的强大推动力,加速了当地民众融入俄国社会。与此同时,一体化政策的强行推动也造成了一定的冲突,时至今日仍然影响北高加索地区全俄认同的构建。

The end of the Caucasus War in the second half of the 19^(th) century not only laid the foundation for the incorporation of the North Caucasus into Russia,but also started the process of integration of the North Caucasus region.Russia's integration policy in the North Caucasus was aimed at forming a unified socio-cultural,economic and political identity,and establishing Russian statehood in the region.Administratively,the Russian government set up administrative and judicial institutions,military and food supply depots and other administrative systems based on the Caucasus fortifications.In the cultural sphere,Orthodox missionary activities,the promotion of the Russian language,the establishment of educational systems and cultural institutions became effective policies for integration in the North Caucasus.In terms of population policy,the migration of Cossacks and peasants from the inner Russian provinces to the North Caucasus was an important factor in the integration of the region.Through the inward migration of immigrants and the outward migration of the local mountain people,Russia changed the ethno-political space of the region in a hope to influence the culture and ideology of the local people.Russias integration policy,based on the idea of Russification,gave a strong impetus to the development in socio-political field,ethnic composition and cultural life in the North Caucasus,and accelerated the integration of the local population into Russian society.At the same time,the forced push of the integration policy also created certain conflicts that still affect the construction of an all-Russian identity in the North Caucasus till this day.