播种监控技术研究现状与展望

Research status and prospect of sowing monitoring technology

播种监控是评价播种质量的重要手段,是实现播种智能化的关键技术,有利于降低人工劳动强度,提高农作物质量和产量。通过介绍影响播种质量的三个重要环节:排种器排种、漏播补种、播深控制国内外监控技术研究现状,重点分析机械机电式、光电传感式、电容传感式、压电传感式、机器视觉式监测原理特点、研究重点及应用领域。分析发现,我国播种监控技术存在缺乏高性能传感器,精度不能满足高速播种精准监测要求;缺少播种信息与时间、空间信息融合的算法研究,控制器动态响应性能不佳;监控系统相关标准缺失导致播种信息采集、监测指标指向不明,规范性较弱等问题。并展望未来发展趋势。电机、液压马达等新型排种驱动控制技术应用在提高排种精度的同时也为变量播种的实现提供可能;传感器创新设计、控制算法优化、监控标准体系建立以及多优势学科技术融合,播种监控系统有望实现商品化;播种监控系统集合农机作业数据精准感知、智能决策管理、精准服务全环节,未来必将向着更加智能化的方向发展。

Seeding monitoring is an important means to evaluate seeding quality and a key technology to realize seeding intelligence,which is conducive to reducing manual labor intensity and improving crop quality and yield.By introducing the three important links that affect the quality of seeding,including seeding by seeding device,seeding by missing seeding,sowing depth control and the research status quo of monitoring technology at home and abroad,the paper focuses on the analysis of the mechanical electromechanical,photoelectric sensing,capacitive sensing,piezoelectric sensing,machine vision monitoring principle characteristics,research focus and application fields.It is found that there is a lack of high‑performance sensors in the technology of sowing monitoring in China,and the precision can not meet the requirements of high‑speed sowing precision monitoring.The dynamic response performance of the controller is poor because of the lack of algorithm research on the fusion of seeding information with time and space information.The lack of relevant standards in the monitoring system leads to problems such as the collection of sowing information,the unclear direction of monitoring indicators,and the weak standardization.By looking forward to the future development trend,the application of motor,hydraulic motor and other new type of seeding drive control technology not only improves the seeding accuracy,but also provides the possibility for the realization of variable seeding.The innovative design of sensor,optimization of control algorithm,establishment of monitoring standard system and integration of multi‑advantageous disciplines are expected to commercialize the seeding monitoring system.The sowing monitoring system integrates accurate perception of agricultural machinery operation data,intelligent decision management and accurate service,and will develop in a more intelligent direction in the future.