清代文书拟制中的错写——基于中国第一历史档案馆馆藏清代档案的实例考察

Miswriting in the Drafting of Qing Dynasty Documents:A Case Study Based on the Collection of Qing Dynasty Archives in the First Historical Archives of China

利用档案文本对清代文书拟制阶段错写实例进行分析,是“活化”历史档案内容的过程,有助于“十四五”时期档案利用体系建设目标的实现。本文通过整合中国第一历史档案馆馆藏相关档案,发现清代官员文书拟制中的错写大致可分为数字错写、名称错写、避讳错写、其他错写。虽然有多位官员共同把控文书拟制工作,但由于缮写错误具有隐蔽性、避写规定过多、前期调查不清等,使得不少文书内错写未被相关官员检出。清统治集团在面对此类案件时,会依据律例规定、皇帝意愿、官员自告等要素进行综合判定,致使同一类型案件惩处结果也有可能存在不同。

The use of archival texts to analyze examples of miswriting in the drafting stage of the Qing Dynasty documents is a process of revitalizing the content of historical archives,which helps to achieve the goal of constructing an archival utilization system during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.By integrating the relevant archives in the collection of the First Historical Archives of China,it was found that the errors in the drafting of official documents during the Qing Dynasty can be roughly divided into number errors,name errors,taboo errors,and other errors.Although multiple officials jointly controlled the drafting of documents,due to the concealment of writing errors,excessive avoidance regulations,and unclear preliminary investigations,many errors were not detected by relevant officials.When faced with such cases,the Qing ruling group would make comprehensive judgments based on factors such as laws and regulations,emperor's wishes,and self-disclosure,which may result in different punishment outcomes for the same type of cases.