对立还是接合:文化主义和结构主义辨析

Opposite or Combination:Culturalism and Structuralism Discerned

文化主义和结构主义是文化研究思潮中的两种重要范式,长期以来二者被视为对立的两极而加以研究。文化研究思潮从文化主义范式向结构主义范式嬉变的历史过程和理论逻辑,分析文化主义和结构主义的“实践-主体”和“结构-客体”之内涵,认为两种范式的对立反映的是马克思主义理论内部的二元对立,并提出了文化主义和结构主义互补的可能性,以及两种范式的接合问题。基于此,雷蒙·威廉斯和斯图亚特·霍尔以“基础/上层建筑”命题为出发点,分别从马克思主义理论中的文化总体性和社会总体性维度对“实践-主体”的文化主义和“结构-客体”的结构主义进行了接合。这种接合对于消解主客二元论和经济决定论问题、解决存在主义与结构主义之争,以及指明社会主义斗争中的实践方式和革命方向方面具有的重要理论和社会意义。

Culturalism and structuralism are two important paradigms in cultural research thinking,and they have long been regarded as two opposing poles and studied.This paper discusses the historical process and theoretical logic of the transmutation of the cultural research trend from the culturalist paradigm to the structuralist paradigm,and analyzes the connotations of"practice-subject"and"structure-object"in culturalism and structuralism,argues that the opposition of the two paradigms reflects the binary opposition within Marxist theory,and raises the possibility of complementarity between culturalism and structuralism,as well as the problem of combining the two paradigms.Based on this,the paper discusses Raymond Williams's and Stuart Hall's approaches to"practicesubject"culturalism and"practice-subject"structuralism from the dimensions of cultural totality and social totality in Marxist theory,respectively,with the proposition of"base/superstructure"as the starting point.This combination is of great theoretical and social significance in dissolving the problems of subject-object dualism and economic determinism,in resolving the controversy between existentialism and structuralism,and in pointing out the practical approach and revolutionary direction in the struggle for socialism.