汉坦病毒感染诱导的固有免疫研究进展

Advances in Innate Immunity Induced by Hantavirus Infection

汉坦病毒(现称正汉坦病毒)是一类人畜共患病的分节段的单股负链RNA病毒。对于自然宿主动物,汉坦病毒呈持续无症状感染。当病毒由自然宿主传播给人时,引起两种临床综合征,即肾综合征出血热(HFRS)和汉坦病毒心肺综合征(HCPS)。迄今,它们的发病机制尚未完全阐明,也无特效的治疗药物。汉坦病毒体外感染不引起明显的细胞病变,但患者却出现严重的血管渗漏,故认为免疫介导(包括适应性免疫和固有免疫)的病理反应可能是致病的主要原因。其中,固有免疫(也称天然免疫)是防御病原体感染的第一道防线,它由固有免疫细胞和固有免疫分子执行,前者如NK细胞、中性粒细胞等,后者如模式识别受体、干扰素和抗病毒蛋白等,它们在汉坦病毒免疫致病及抗感染等过程中发挥重要作用。此外,宿主固有免疫系统在抵抗病毒侵袭的同时,病毒也在逃避或妨碍免疫系统的功能,如干扰素产生减少或延迟、形成应激颗粒、诱导凋亡或自噬、破坏抗病毒信号转导等。因此,探讨汉坦病毒与宿主固有免疫系统之间的相互作用是汉坦病毒及其相关疾病领域研究的重要课题,这必将为阐明汉坦病毒的致病机制及研发特效治疗药物提供新的参考。

Hantavirus is a group of zoonosis,segmented,single-stranded,negative-stranded RNA viruses.In natural host animals,hantavirus infection is persistent and asymptomatic.When the virus is transmitted from natural hosts to humans,it causes two clinical syndromes,hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome(HCPS).Up to now,their pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated,and there is no specific therapeutic drug.Hantavirus infection in vitro did not cause significant cytopathic effect,but the patients had severe vascular leakage,it is suggested that the pathological reaction mediated by immunity,including adaptive immunity and innate immunity,may be the main cause of the disease.Among them,innate immunity(also called natural immunity)is the first line of defense against pathogen infection,which is performed by innate immune cells and innate immune molecules.The former,such as natural killer(NK)cells and neutrophils,and the latter,such as pattern recognition receptors(PRR),interferon(IFN)and antiviral proteins,play an important role in the immunopathogenesis and anti-infection of hantavirus.In addition,while the host's innate immune system resists the virus,the virus also evades or interferes with the function of the innate immune system,such as the reduction or delay of interferon production,the formation of stress particles,the induction of apoptosis or autophagy,and the destruction of antiviral signal transduction.Therefore,it is an important topic to study the interaction between hantavirus and host′s innate immune system,it will provide new information for elucidating the pathogenesis of hantavirus and developing specific therapeutic drugs.