卡西尔科学哲学中的思想变迁——基础主义与整体主义的回响

Changes in the Philosophy of Science of Cassirer--Echoes of Foundationalism and Holism

恩斯特·卡西尔(Ernst Cassirer)早期试图摆脱马堡学派的基础主义论述,在对马堡学派的理论进行部分改造后,提出了一种以关系结构为核心的整体主义。这种不依赖于实在性的知识论,虽避免了所予问题,但也引发了批评。卡西尔认为从数学和物理学的新发展看,科学的基础是有效性,而非实在性,这也就暂停了基础主义的问题。可是在符号形式哲学时期,卡西尔似乎又回到了基础主义之中,学界普遍认为卡西尔后期存在这一转变,虽然这并不意味着他抛弃了前期理论,关系系统的论述依然有效,但是这种理性反思的解释理论缺少了一种生成上的驱动力,对于这种驱动力的探索促成了卡西尔的人类学转向。

In his early work,Ernst Cassirer sought to diverge from the founda⁃tionalist discourse of the Marburg School and,through partial reformulation of their theories,proposed a holistic approach centered on relational structures.Such theory of knowledge,which circumvents the challenges posed by reality while eliciting criticism,has also engendered scholarly scrutiny.The problem of foundationalism was also suspended when Cassirer argued that the basis of science lies in validity rather than positivity,considering new developments in mathematics and physics.In the period of the philosophy of symbolic forms,Cassirer seems to have returned to foundationalism,and it is generally accepted that there was a shift in his later period,but this does not mean that he abandoned his earlier theory;the statement of relational sys⁃tems is still valid,but such reflective theory of explanation lacks driving force,and the search for the force led to Cassirer turn to the anthropologi⁃cal view.