生成式人工智能客体属性的挑战与回应

Challenge and Response for Generative AI's Objective Attributes

对人工智能是否赋予法律主体的明确回应是启动新一代人工智能立法的先决条件。ChatGPT问世再次引发了学界对AI法律主体性的热议。“主体说”以法律主体的内涵发展与外延扩容作为立论基础,主张通过有限主体、无生命主体等特殊(拟制)概念将人工智能纳入法律主体范畴。这一观点忽视了人工智能的非内生性智能属性和法律拟制主体的生成机理,无法形成理论自洽。从当前人工智能发展水平来看,它依然缺失作为法律主体的基本要件,也不符合主体的社会性、实践性要求,将其纳入法律主体范畴不仅会消释人的尊严,还会颠覆传统主体的理性内涵与道德属性。

A clear response to whether AI should be given legal entities is a prerequisite for initiating a new generation of AI legislation.The advent of ChatGPT has once again triggered a heated debate on the legal subjectivity of AI in the academic community.The“subject theory”is based on the development and extension of the concept of legal subjects,and advocates the inclusion of artificial intelligence into the cat⁃egory of legal subjects through special(fictional)concepts such as limited subjects and inanimate subjects.This view ignores the non-intrinsic intelligence attribute of artificial intelligence and the generation mechanism of legal subjects,and cannot form theoretical self-consistency.Judging from the current level of development of artificial intelligence,it still lacks the basic requirements as a legal subject,and does not meet the social and practical requirements of the subject.Including it in the category of legal subjects will not only diminish human dignity,but also subvert the rational concept and moral attributes of tradi⁃tional subjects.