海南省三亚市鼠类及鼠传病原体监测分析

Surveillance and analysis of rodents and rodent-borne pathogens in Sanya,Hainan Province,China

目的了解海南省三亚市鼠类分布及其病原体感染情况,为鼠传疾病预警、开展精准防控和制定措施提供科学依据。方法采用笼夜法,用油条作为诱饵,分别在三亚市天涯区和吉阳区的居民区、酒店、农村、野外等生境以晚放晨收方式捕获鼠类,对鼠种进行形态学鉴定后进行无菌解剖。采集鼠类肝、肾、脾、肺等脏器分别提取DNA、RNA,利用Taqman探针反转录荧光定量PCR方法分别检测致病性钩端螺旋体(钩体)、恙虫病东方体、汉坦病毒、大别班达病毒等4种病原体。数据结果采用Excel 2021和SPSS 26.0软件统计处理数据,用χ^(2)检验和Fisher精确概率法进行组间分析。结果共布放有效鼠笼10760只,捕获鼠类229只,鼠密度为2.13%;天涯区鼠密度为1.71%(71/4160),吉阳区鼠密度为2.39%(158/6600),不同地区鼠密度差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.785,P=0.016)。优势鼠种构成比从高至低依次为褐家鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠和黄毛鼠,分别为51.09%、31.88%、16.59%和0.44%;鼠密度高峰值分布在1、5和7月。229只鼠中共检测不同脏器标本240份,16份检出致病性钩体,阳性标本率为6.70%(16/240);其中检出阳性鼠肾标本占18.52%(5/27),鼠脾标本占8.33%(2/24),鼠肝标本占7.50%(3/40),鼠肺标本占4.03%(6/149);11只检出病原体阳性鼠中,有4只在不同脏器中均能检出,鼠阳性率为4.80%(11/229),黄胸鼠检出率最高,为7.89%(4/38),其次是褐家鼠占6.84%(8/117),小家鼠和黄毛鼠检出率为0。1月鼠感染率最高,3月检出率为0,不同月份鼠感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);汉坦病毒、大别班达病毒和恙虫病东方体均未检出。结论海南省三亚市有致病性钩端螺旋体传播的风险且鼠密度较高,需采取针对性的防控措施以防止钩体病传播。

Objective To investigate the distribution of rodents and their pathogen infections in Sanya,Hainan Province,China,so as to provide a scientific basis for pre-warning,accurate prevention and control,and strategy development against rodent-borne diseases.Methods Rodents were captured in habitats such as residential areas,hotels,rural areas,and wild areas in Tianya and Jiyang districts of Sanya by deploying cages in the evening and harvesting in the morning(cage trapping using fried dough sticks as a bait).The rodents were morphologically identified,and aseptic dissection was performed.DNA and RNA were extracted from the liver,kidney,spleen,lung of the rodents.Taqman probe-based reverse transcription fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect pathogenic Leptospira,Orientia tsutsugamushi,Hantavirus,and Dabie bandavirus.The data were statistically processed using Excel 2021 and SPSS 26.0 softwares and analyzed by Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test between groups.Results A total of 10760 effective cages were deployed,and 229 rodents were captured,with a rodent density of 2.13%.The rodent density was 1.71%(71/4160)in Tianya District and 2.39%(158/6600)in Jiyang District,with a significant difference between the two districts(χ^(2)=5.785,P=0.016).The dominant species composition ratios were 51.09%,31.88%,16.59%,and 0.44%for Rattus norvegicus,Mus musculus,R.tanezumi,and R.losea,respectively.The peak rodent density was observed in January,May,and July.A total of 240 viscera samples from 229 rodents were tested,with pathogenic Leptospira detected in 16 samples(positive sample rate of 6.70%[16/240]).Specifically,positive rates for the kidney,spleen,liver,and lung of rodents were 18.52%(5/27),8.33%(2/24),7.50%(3/40),and 4.03%(6/149),respectively.Among the 11 rodents which tested positive for pathogens,with a positive rate of 4.8%(11/229),4 were found to be positive for all the four organs.The highest detection rate of pathogens was found in R.tanezumi(7.89%,4/38),followed by R.norvegicus(6.84%,8/117),and M.musculus and R.losea(0 for both).The rodent infection rate was the highest in January,and the detection rate was 0 in March.There were significant differences in the rodent infection rate between months(P<0.001).None of Hantavirus,Dabie bandavirus,and Orientia tsutsugamushi was detected.Conclusions There is a relatively high risk of transmission of pathogenic Leptospira in Sanya,Hainan Province,and the rodent density is high.It is necessary to take targeted prevention and control measures to prevent the transmission of pathogenic Leptospira.