不同基原枳实药材及其混淆品质量差异研究

Quality identification of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus from different origins and their adulterants

枳实不仅有多基原且有多种合法栽培变种,随着农业技术的进步,栽培品种层出不穷,枳实混淆品繁多导致药材市场混乱。该研究通过外观性状、浸出物、多成分同步测定,以瓤囊-直径比(瓤囊占比,Pc/Cs)、浸出物及11种成分含量轮廓等指标,构建枳实与其近缘混淆品的特异性辨识方法。研究发现:(1)Pc/Cs可方便地将枳、橘及耙耙柑等混淆品检识出来;(2)浸出物含量可区分香圆来源的混淆品与酸橙;(3)除枳、香圆、常山胡柚和沃柑混淆品的辛弗林含量不合格外,其余样品均符合《中国药典》要求,个别甜橙可达1.40%以上;橙皮苷在甜橙的质量分数高于10.00%,而酸橙均低于2.50%;酸橙中柚皮苷(3.96%~15.21%)和新橙皮苷(9.38%~21.93%)质量分数较高;(4)枳及香圆混淆品的成分与代代花较接近,但新橙皮苷(0.03%~0.14%)远低于酸橙,且不含橙皮素和桔红素;混淆品衢枳实(胡柚基原)与臭橙、酸橙-枳杂交品的成分较接近,但其橙皮苷较酸橙高(3.13%);橘与甜橙较为接近且均不含柚皮苷和新橙皮苷;耙耙柑、沃柑的橙皮苷与甜橙相近,且不含野漆树苷。各指标相互配合可准确区分甜橙、酸橙及其近缘混淆品(绿衣枳实、香圆、衢枳实、沃柑、青皮),为枳实药材质量控制提供一套甄别方法。

Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(AFI)is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with multiple origins from Citrus aurantium and its legally cultivated variants.With advancements in agricultural biotechnology,many new cultivated varieties have sprung up,leading to an abundance of AFI adulterants and chaos in the herbal medicine markets.This study developed a specific identification method for AFI and its closely related adulterants by examining the appearance trait,content of extract,and multiple ingredients,involving indicators such as the ratio of pulp capsule to cross section diameter(Pc/Cs ratio),the content of extract,and the profile of 11 ingredients.The research finds that:①Pc/Cs ratio can conveniently identify adulterants such as Poncirus trifoliata,Ju,and Babagan from the genuine AFI.②The extract content can be used to identify adulterants originated from C.wilsonii with C.aurantium.③The contents of synephrine in all the samples were in accordance with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia except for the adulterants from P.trifoliata,C.wilsonii,C.aurantium'Changshanhuyou'and orah mandarins.The synephrine content was high as 1.40%in some C.sinensis varieties.The mass fraction of hesperidin was over 10.00%in C.sinensis,while it was below 2.50%in C.aurantium.C.aurantium contained high levels of naringin(3.96%-15.21%)and neo-hesperidin(9.38%-21.93%).④The compositions of adulterants from P.trifoliata and C.wilsonii were more similar to that of C.aurantium'Daidai',but with significantly lower neo-hesperidin content(0.03%-0.14%)than that in C.aurantium,and they lacked hesperetin and tangeretin.C.maxima(originating from C.maxima)showed closer composition to Choucheng and hybrid originated from Citrus aurantium×Poncirus trifoliata,but had higher hesperidin content(3.13%)than that in C.aurantium.Ju was closely related to C.sinensis and neither contained naringin nor neo-hesperidin.Hesperidins in Babagan and orah mandarins were similar to that in C.sinensis,with none containing rhoifolin.These quality indicators in combination can accurately distinguish between C.sinensis,C.aurantium,and their closely related adulterants(P.trifoliata,C.wilsonii,C.maxima,orah mandarins and C.reticulata),which are expected to provide a systematic method for quality control of AFI.