秦陵铜立车舆内铜伞的构成方式及形态特征

The Composition and Morphological Characteristics of Bronze Umbrellas of the Bronze Chariots and Horses of the Qin Mausoleum

秦陵铜立车舆内铜伞由伞盖、盖杠及盖座三部分组构而成,其伞形车盖、铜箍扣接的“盖杠”“盖座”与“樘柱”的构成方式与锁闭的结构设计仿照实用舆马中铜伞的铸造细节,从礼用之器的实用性摹写、结构设计的创新性改变、材料工艺的多元性融合、装饰设计的审美性表达等角度体现出秦代造物工匠在“造物”与“造美”中的设计智慧诠释。考据先秦以来车舆马具的造物遗存,秦陵铜立车舆内铜伞为研究者提供了一个“史以物凭”的视角,使其在对文本史料解读的同时,能够结合实物佐证考究先秦车制体系的演进历程;其为研究相关的青铜铸造工艺及装饰设计的审美表达等提供了可资参考的典型案例。

The bronze umbrella of the bronze chariots and horses of Qin Mausoleum is composed of three parts:umbrella cover,cover rod,and cover seat.The composition and locking structure of the umbrella shaped chariot cover,copper hoop buckle“cover rod”,“cover seat”,and“frame column”are modeled after the casting details of bronze umbrellas in practical chariots,and are imitated from the practicality of ritual objects.Innovative changes in structural design,integration of diverse materials and processes,and aesthetic expression of decorative design all reflect the design wisdom of craftsmen in the Qin Dynasty.Based on the research of the artifacts and relics of the chariots and horses since the pre-Qin period,the study holds that,from the perspective of“historical evidence”provided by the bronze umbrellas of the bronze chariots and horses of Qin Mausoleum,the evolution process of the pre-Qin chariot system can be examined with the interpretation of textual historical materials and physical evidence,which provides a typical case for reference in many aspects such as the study of the related bronze casting techniques and the aesthetic expression of decorative design.