检视我国经济刑法中危险犯立法与司法适用

Examining the Legislation and Judicial Application of Dangerous Criminals in China's Economic Criminal Law

传统危险犯二分说不契合中国刑法规定与司法实践。在具体危险犯与抽象危险犯之间还存在中间形态——准抽象危险犯。经济刑法中,妨害药品管理罪,生产、销售不符合安全标准的食品罪与生产、销售不符合标准的医用器材罪,属于准抽象危险犯。立法本意是将单纯违反行政法的行为纳入刑事规制的范畴,但妨害药品管理罪中“足以严重危害人体健康”的要素设计,可能导致该罪的立法目的落空。虚开发票是逃税犯罪的预备,而伪造、出售、购买、持有发票,更是预备的预备,所以虚开、伪造、出售、购买、持有发票的行为人主观上必须具有逃税的目的,否则不构成发票犯罪。不应处罚预备的预备。储存、包装、印刷行为,在秧苗阶段喷洒禁用的农药,用盐酸克伦特罗养猪,不是“生产”“食品”;制造、提供货币版样,不是“伪造”货币;擅自设立金融机构筹备组织,不是擅自设立金融机构,均不构成犯罪。

Traditional theory categorizing dangerous criminals into two types does not meet the provisions of Chinese criminal law and judicial practice.There is also an intermediate shape between the specific danger and abstract criminals--quasi-abstract dangerous criminals.In the economic criminal law,the crime of obstructing drug management,production,and sales does not meet the safety standards of food and production and sales that do not meet the standards of medical equipment,which is a quasi-abstract dangerous criminal.Legislative intention is to include simply violating the administrative law into the category of criminal regulation,but the design of“sufficient to harm human health”in the crime of obstructing drug management may lead to the failure of the legislative purpose of the crime.False invoices are preparations for tax evasion crimes,and forgery,sale,purchase,and holding invoices are even more prepared.Otherwise,it will not constitute invoice crimes.Preparatory preparations should not be punished.Storage,packaging,and printing behavior,spray disabled pesticides during the seedling stage,nourish pigs hydrochloride,not“production”and“food”;manufacturing and providing currency versions,not“forgery”currency;set up financial institutions for preparation without authorization.Organization,not setting up financial institutions without authorization,does not constitute a crime.