治与不治:不同境况下王船山对待夷狄的两种判断

Governance or Non-governance:Wang Chuanshan’s Two Judgments on the Treatment of Barbarians under Different Situations

随着明朝瓦解、满人入关,夷夏之辨再次成为时人关切的焦点。以船山为代表的明朝遗民也非常关注由政治动荡引发的文化冲突以及这一冲突对中国文明的纯粹性的影响。王船山十分重视地理对天命的承载与分殊作用,在强调“夷狄”一语文化义的同时,也从族群生成的角度对“夷狄”进行了区分。王船山延续了《春秋公羊传》中的“王者不治夷狄”观念,一方面,从天命分殊、事有善恶的角度,将“不治”限制在“四裔之夷狄”之下,并为这种“不治”的正当性做了形而上学的说明;另一方面,对于九州之内的夷狄,注重其中国属性,从而将“不治”引向了“不得不治”。这两种境况下的不同判断共同为船山夷夏观中的民族主义面向做了说明。

With the collapse of the Ming Dynasty and the entry of Manchus into China,the distinction between Yi and Xia once again be⁃came a focus of concern for the people of that time.The remnants of the Ming Dynasty represented by Wang Chuanshan were also very concerned about the cultural conflicts caused by political turmoil and their impact on the purity of the Chinese civilization.Wang Ch⁃uanshan attached great importance to the role of geography in carrying and differentiating the mandate of heaven.While emphasizing the cultural significance of the term“barbarians”,he also distinguished them from the perspective of ethnic generation.Wang Chuan⁃shan continued the concept of“the king does not govern the barbarians”in the Spring and Autumn Annals.On the one hand,from the perspective of the division of fate and the existence of good and evil in things,he defined“non governance”under the premise of the barbarians of barbarians,and provided a metaphysical explanation for the legitimacy of this“non governance”.On the other hand,re⁃garding the barbarians of China,Wang Chuanshan placed more emphasis on their Chinese characteristics,leading the trend of“not gov⁃erning”towards“having to govern”.The different judgments in these two situations collectively explained the nationalist aspect of the Yi-Xia view of Chuanshan.