形状记忆材料在骨科的应用研究进展

Research progress on the application of shape memory materials in orthopedics

形状记忆材料是一种具有形状记忆效应的智能材料,能够在外界刺激下记忆并恢复其原始形状,制备方法包括合金记忆材料的热处理法和激光烧结法,以及聚合物类和复合材料类形状记忆材料的热塑法。形状记忆材料在骨科领域,如骨折治疗、骨组织工程修复、脊柱矫形及关节置换等方面展现出了巨大的应用价值。形状记忆材料具有优良的生物力学性能,在骨折治疗中提供持续有效的压力、支撑力以及抗扭转力,还具有降低骨折内固定应力遮挡的优势。因环境因素变化对周围骨组织产生的持续应力作用为脊柱畸形矫正提供了持续的矫形力,在关节置换方面提高了假体的耐久性。形状记忆材料具有良好的生物相容性和可诱导细胞增殖的性能,可制作具有自拟合功能的组织工程支架,在精准填充骨缺损部位时向自体骨施加机械力,刺激骨细胞的增殖与分化,引导骨再生,加速骨修复。此外,形状记忆材料可被用于药物传递释放的载体,通过控制温度、应力等环境因素控制药物的释放,实现药物的靶向治疗。形状记忆材料伴随着4D打印技术的发展,在骨科个性化诊疗、个性化定制方面有广阔的应用前景。

Shape memory materials are intelligent materials that have the effect of remembering and recovering their original shape in response to external stimuli.The preparation methods include heat treatment and laser sintering for alloy-based memory materials,and thermoplastic methods for polymer-based and composite shape memory materials.Shape memory materials have shown great application value in the field of orthopaedics,such as fracture treatment,bone tissue engineering repair,spinal correction and joint replacement.Shape memory materials have excellent biomechanical properties,providing sustained and effective compression,support and torsion resistance during fracture treatment,as well as the advantage of reducing stress masking in internal fixation of fractures.The sustained stress exerted on the surrounding bone tissue due to environmental changes provides continuous corrective force for spinal deformity correction,and improves the durability of prostheses in arthroplasty.Shape memory materials exhibit good biocompatibility and the performance of inducing cell proliferation,making them suitable for fabricating self-adapting"scaffolds for tissue engineering.When precisely filling bone defect sites,they apply mechanical forces to the autogenous bone,stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts,guide bone regeneration and accelerate bone repair.Moreover,shape memory materials can be used as carriers for drug delivery and release,controlling drug release by adjusting temperature,stress and environmental factors to achieve targeted therapy.With the development of 4D printing technology,shape memory materials have extensive potential in the fields of personalized orthopaedic diagnosis and treatment as well as individualized medical device customization.