激光选区熔化适配型铝合金的研究及应用现状

Research and applications of aluminum alloy adaptative for selective laser melting

使用激光选区熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)技术制备的铝合金构件具有形状复杂、晶粒细小、力学性能优异等特点,在航天航空、轨道交通等领域有着广泛应用。然而,目前可用于SLM成形的铝合金材料仍面临着可打印种类有限、成形过程易产生冶金缺陷等问题,严重制约了SLM高性能铝合金的发展。本文基于承力构件的实际需求,综述了目前适配于SLM技术的铸造铝合金、稀土改性铝合金及铝基复合材料的研究现状,重点从适用于SLM技术的材料设计角度出发,概述所制备材料的独特微观组织及力学性能,并就SLM铝合金部件的国内外应用现状进行总结,点出现阶段SLM铝合金原材料仍多采用传统铸造材料为主的局限性,适于SLM技术的新材料、新产品在标准化以及规模化等方面仍需进一步细化和拓展。

Aluminum alloys fabricated via selective laser melting(SLM)technology possess unique advantages of complex structures,ultra-fine grain and excellent mechanical properties,leading to a broad application prospect in aerospace,rail transportation and other industrial fields.However,various of challenges such as the limited types of printable aluminum alloys,and the ease of the metallurgical defects(e.g.,cracking and element burning)during the forming process will critically restricts the development of the SLM-manufactured aluminum alloys.Considering the actual needs of load-bearing components in industrial applications,this work reviews the current research status of the different types of the SLM-manufactured aluminum alloys including casting,rare earth aluminum alloys and aluminum-based composites.Focusing on the perspective of material design suitable for SLM technology,the microstructure and mechanical properties of the above-mentioned materials are mainly summarized;especially the domestic and foreign application status of the SLM-fabricated aluminum alloys are mainly discussed.At the emerging stage,the application constraints of SLM aluminum alloys are still mostly based on the use of traditional cast aluminum alloy materials.Mainly,new aluminum alloy materials and new products suitable for SLM technology still need to be further refined in terms of standardization and scale,and the application scenarios also need to be expanded.