Modeling human gastric cancers in immunocompetent mice

Gastric cancer(GC)is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.GC is determined by multiple(epi)genetic and environmental factors;can occur at distinct anatomic positions of the stomach;and displays high heterogeneity,with different cellular origins and diverse histological and molecular features.This heterogeneity has hindered efforts to fully understand the pathology of GC and develop efficient therapeutics.In the past decade,great progress has been made in the study of GC,particularly in molecular subtyping,investigation of the immune microenvironment,and defining the evolutionary path and dynamics.Preclinical mouse models,particularly immunocompetent models that mimic the cellular and molecular features of human GC,in combination with organoid culture and clinical studies,have provided powerful tools for elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying GC pathology and immune evasion,and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.Herein,we first briefly introduce current progress and challenges in GC study and subsequently summarize immunocompetent GC mouse models,emphasizing the potential application of genetically engineered mouse models in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy studies.