论数字产品及其给付规则——以数字内容与数字服务区分为中心

On Digital Products and Their Performance:Centered on Distinguishing between Digital Content and Digital Services

《民法典》第512条第2款致力于规制数字产品的给付,但是仅提供了初步的不成熟的解决方案,且忽略了数字服务这一重要类型,无法应对当前数字社会的现实,更没有给数字经济与数字产品的未来发展预留空间。因此,必须重构数字产品的给付规则。根据数字内容和数字服务这两大类型的区分以及各自的技术特征和发展趋势,应当重点把握给付的标的物、向谁给付以及给付的具体方式这三个环节,分别确立数字内容和数字服务的给付规则。以给付数字内容为标的的合同本质上更接近于往取之债,而非赴偿之债,其给付完成的标志为经营者使消费者直接或通过其指定的其他系统可以获取数字内容或获得数字内容的方法;而对提供数字服务来说,经营者使消费者直接或通过其指定的其他系统可以使用数字服务即为完成给付。

Article 512(2)of the Civil Code is dedicated to regulating the performance for digital products but overlooks the significant category of digital services,and it provides only preliminary and immature solutions.It overlooks the important category of digital services,fails to address the realities of the current digital society,let alone leaving room for the future development of the digital economy and digital products.Therefore,it is necessary to reconstruct the performance rules for digital products.Based on the differentiation between digital content and digital services,as well as their respective technological features and development trends,it is necessary to establish performance rules for digital content and digital services by considering three aspects:the object of performance,the recipient of performance,and the specific performance method.Contracts involving the performance for digital content are essentially closer to the obligation to collect rather than the obligation to bring.The completion of performance is marked by the trader enabling the consumer to directly access the digital content or obtain the means to access it through other designated facilities.On the other hand,for the provision of digital services,the completion of performance occurs when the digital services are made accessible to the consumer or through other designated facilities by the trader.