居住权物上代位论质疑

Critique of the Theory of Subrogation of the Right of Habitation

《民法典》第370条没有将住宅灭失规定为居住权的消灭事由,由此产生了住宅灭失时居住权能否发生物上代位的争论。基于解释论的角度审视,居住权物上代位论错误地混淆了替代住宅上承载的经济利益和居住利益,不能实现恢复居住权人完整利益的矫正目标,且用益物权客体有限性会导致居住权物上代位发生过程中的权利缝隙无法得到弥合。在征收补偿的场景中,新住宅和旧住宅之间仅具有价值关联性,不具备法律上的直接关系,不能成为适格的代位物。在解释论层面不具备正当性的情况下,基于居住权上的伦理负载而坚持居住权物上代位,实际上是以伦理思维替代物权技术,偏离了私法理性的轨道。住宅灭失后,居住权应当归于消灭,居住权人有权独立地提出损害赔偿或征收补偿。当不存在统一的市场价格时,居住权的财产价值应根据设立时的对价和剩余期限确定,或参照类似住宅的租赁价格确定。

Article 370 of the Civil Code does not stipulate the loss of a dwelling as a cause of extinguishment of the right of habitation,which has given rise to the debate on whether the right of habitation can be subrogated in the event of the loss of a dwelling.Based on the perspective of interpretative theory,the subrogation theory of the right of habitation wrongly confuses the economic and residential interests carried by the replacement dwelling,failing to achieve the corrective goal of restoring the complete interests of the owner of the right of habitation,and the limited nature of the object ofusufructuary right leads to the failure of bridging the gap of rights in the process of the occurrence of subrogation of the right of habitation.In the scenario of expropriation compensation,there is only a correlation of value between the old and the new dwellings,rather than a direct legal relationship,thus the new dwellings cannot become competent subrogation objects.In the absence of justification at the interpretative theory level,insisting on subrogation of the right of habitation based on the ethical load on the right of habitation is in fact replacing the real right technique with ethical thinking,which deviates from the track of private law rationality.The right of habitation should be extinguished upon the loss of the dwelling,and the owner of the right of habitation shall have the right to claim damages or expropriation compensation independently.When there is no uniform market price,the property value of the right of habitation shall be determined based on its consideration at the time it was established and its remaining period,or by reference to the rental price of a similar dwelling.