风险负担规则的罗马法表达——以casum sentit dominus的解读为中心

The Roman Law Expression of the Burden of Risk——Centered on the Interpretation of casum sentit dominus

私法自治既是意志自由又是风险自负,后者是各国普遍遵循的损害承担的基本原则,其背后法理即casum sentit dominus。这句拉丁法谚作为罗马法中风险负担规则的一般表达,有四重内涵:损害首先落在受害人头上,事变的损害由受害人承担,自己过错的损害由受害人承担,特定情势下损害转嫁给他人承担。该法谚所体现的风险负担规则广泛适用于侵权法和契约法等领域。在归咎文化和关怀狂热盛行的当下,需重新检视作为风险负担传统规则的casum sentit dominus。

The autonomy of private law is both freedom of will and one’s own risk.The latter is also the basic principle of damage bearing generally followed by all countries,and the legal principle behind it is a Latin proverb,casum sentit dominus.As a general expression of the rule of burden of risk in Roman law,it has a four-fold connotation:the damages first fall on the victim,the damages of the incident are borne by the victim,the damages of one’s own fault are borne by the victim,and the damages are passed on to another person under certain circumstances.The rule of the burden of risk embodied in this proverb is widely applicable in the fields of tort and contract law.In a time when the culture of blame and the fervor of caring are prevalent,it is necessary to re-examine casum sentit dominus as the traditional rule of the burden of risk.