多层级公共服务供给对大城市租房群体居住分异的影响——基于北京市的实证研究

The impact of multi-level public service provisions on tenant group’s residential segregation in mega cities:Empirical evidence from Beijing

居住空间分异是城市内部公共资源非均衡配置的市场化表现。但长期以来,学界对租房群体租住空间居住分异关注不够。事实上,租住作为大城市外来人口与青年群体的重要居住方式,其在空间上的分异所反映出的空间剥夺、空间排斥以及不同社会经济阶层间的隔阂等问题可能会阻碍大城市公共服务均等化的推进。论文以北京市10个核心行政区作为实证案例,将各类公共服务设施按服务范围分为本地层级和区域层级,利用空间滞后模型分别分析了两个层级的公共服务供给对租房群体居住分异的影响。研究发现:①研究范围内相当一部分街道/乡镇存在严重的居住分异。②租金水平和租房群体居住分异在空间分布特征上显著不同。租金水平呈现由中心向外逐渐递减的圈层状分布,租房群体居住分异指数则呈“内高—中低—外高”的夹心状分布。③不同层级公共服务设施对于租房群体居住分异的影响存在较大差异。本地层级公共服务中,幼儿园密度、轨道站点可达性与租房群体居住分异存在负相关性,而中学密度与租房群体居住分异具有正相关性。相比之下,区域层级的体育休闲、公园广场、医疗卫生和示范性高中等4类公共服务设施密度与租房群体居住分异的关系均不显著。基于研究结论,论文针对租房群体提出了优化居住选择和公共服务供需的政策建议,为城市公共服务设施和租赁住房的空间规划合理布局提供了科学依据。

Residential segregation is the market-oriented manifestation of unbalanced urban resources allocation.Existing literature has not paid enough attention to the residential space differentiation of tenant groups.Renting as the main residential form of migrant population and young people in large cities,its spatial differentiation reflects problems such as spatial deprivation,spatial exclusion,and the disconnect between different socioeconomic classes,which may impede equal access to public services in large cities.Taking the 10 core administrative districts of Beijing as an empirical case,this study divided public service facilities into local level and district level according to the potential service catchment area,applying the spatial lag model to analyze the impact of public service provision at each level on the residential segregation of tenant groups.The findings are:1)A significant portion of the subdistricts within the study area show significant residential segregation.2)The spatial distribution of rent price levels and the residential segregation of rental groups are significantly different.The rent price levels are distributed in a stratified circle from the center outwards,while the residential dissimilarity index for tenants(RDIT)is distributed in a sandwich-like pattern of high in the inner city-low in the middle-high in the outer parts.3)There are large differences in the impact of different levels of public service facilities on the residential segregation of renters.At the local level,negative correlations are observed between kindergarten density,accessibility to urban rail transit station and residential segregation among tenant groups.High school density exhibits a positive correlation with the residential segregation of tenant groups.In contrast,the relationship between the density of four public services(sports facility,park/urban square,medical facility,and top secondary school)at the district level and the residential segregation of the tenant groups is not significant.Drawing from the research results,this article proposed policy implications aimed at optimizing housing choices and addressing the supply and demand dynamics of public services for tenant groups,which provides a scientific basis for the rational distribution and spatial planning of urban public service facilities and rental housing.