山东地面气象观测站网布局评估

Evaluation of surface meteorological observing station networks in Shandong

基于滚动需求评估的原则和结构函数,评估山东地面气象观测站网水平分辨率(平均站间距),研究山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站气温、相对湿度、降水量的最佳布站方案和最佳布站距离。结果表明:(1)国家气象观测站和区域气象观测站各要素水平分辨率由小到大依次为降水量、气温、风向和风速、相对湿度、气压,国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站各要素水平分辨率均相同,应用气象观测站气温与相对湿度要素的水平分辨率小于风向和风速及降水量。(2)除全球数值天气预报和海洋应用领域外,山东4类地面气象观测站各要素的水平分辨率相比观测系统能力分析和审查工具(Observation System Capability Analysis and Review,OSCAR)中各应用领域突破值尚有较大的差距。(3)山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站的气温、相对湿度、降水量的四季结构函数整体上随距离的增加而增大。气温、相对湿度、降水量的线段内插、正三角形内插和正方形内插标准误差与距离均呈线性关系。在距离满足点值内插标准误差小于观测标准误差时,气温、相对湿度和降水量均为正三角形内插精度最高。(4)山东国家级基准、基本及常规气象观测站气温、相对湿度和降水量最佳的布站方案均为正三角形布设,其中气温、相对湿度、降水量的最佳布站距离应分别不超过43.6 km、63.4 km和40.3 km。

Based on the principle of Rolling Review of Requirements and structure function,the horizontal resolution(average distance between stations)of the surface meteorological observing station networks in Shandong is evaluated,and the optimum distribution scheme and distance of temperature,relative humidity and precipitation of national reference,basic and conventional meteorological observing stations in Shandong are studied.The results are as follows.(1)For national and regional meteorological observing stations,the meteorological elements with horizontal resolution from low to high are precipitation,temperature,wind direction/wind speed,relative humidity and air pressure in sequence.For national reference,basic and conventional meteorological observing stations,the horizontal resolution of each element is the same.For meteorological application observing stations,the horizontal resolution of temperature and relative humidity is smaller than that of wind direction/wind speed and precipitation.(2)Except in fields of global numerical weather forecasting and marine application,there is still a significant gap between the horizontal resolution of each element of the 4 types of surface meteorological observing stations in Shandong and the breakthrough values in various application fields of OSCAR(Observation System Capability Analysis and Review).(3)The structure functions of the 4 seasons’temperature,relative humidity and precipitation of national reference,basic and conventional meteorological observing stations in Shandong enlarge with the increase of distance as a whole.The standard errors of linear,equilateral triangle and square interpolation of temperature,relative humidity and precipitation have linear relationship with distance.When the distance meets the condition that the standard error of point value interpolation is less than the standard error of observation,the accuracy of equilateral triangle interpolation of temperature,relative humidity and precipitation is the highest.(4)The optimum distribution scheme of temperature,relative humidity and precipitation of national reference,basic and conventional meteorological observing stations in Shandong is triangular layout.The optimum distribution distance of temperature/relative humidity/precipitation is equal to or less than 43.6/63.4/40.3 km.