从民族主义到世界主义:比较教育研究方法论的理路转向

From Nationalism to Cosmopolitanism:A Shift in The Methodology of Comparative Education Research

随着“民族国家”成为西方近现代以来比较教育分析的基本单位,比较教育方法论长期困囿于“方法论民族主义”的泥淖中。“方法论民族主义”假设民族国家是近现代社会与政治组织的自然发展形式,将民族国家视为唯一的分析单位或社会进程的“容器”。在研究过程中,“方法论民族主义”用民族国家的经历来解释现代化历程,忽略其他民族国家的情境,从而将研究局限于特定民族国家的地缘政治边界,将民族国家共同体视为最终分析单位,并以此界定社会科学中的多重分析现象和问题。随着全球化的纵深发展与全球风险社会的来临,世界主义已然成为全球教育发展的重要思潮,并具有重要的教育价值意蕴。方法论世界主义关照整个世界及其全球化的多重图景,重构“民族国家”社会学体系中所形成的各种二元对立的概念体系,扩展比较教育的分析单位与研究范式,从而超越“方法论民族主义”的局限性。在人文社会科学“世界主义”转向的背景下,实现从“民族主义”到“世界主义”的转向,是走出当前比较教育方法论发展困境的可行路径。

With the“nation state”becoming the basic unit of comparative education analysis since the begin-ning of Western modern times,the methodology of comparative education has long been trapped in the quagmire of“methodological nationalism”.Methodological nationalism assumes that a nation state is a natural development form of modern society and political organizations,viewing it as the only analytical unit or“container”of social pro-cesses.In the research process,“methodological nationalism”uses the experience of nation states to explain the modernization process,ignoring the context of other nation states,and thus limiting the research to the geopolitical boundaries of specific nation states,viewing the nation state as the ultimate unit of analysis,and defining multiple analytical phenomena and problems in social sciences.With the deepening development of globalization and the ar-rival of a global risk society,cosmopolitanism has become an important trend in global education development and has important educational value implications.Methodological cosmopolitanism takes into account the multiple per-spectives of the entire world and its globalization,reconstructs the various binary opposing conceptual systems formed in the sociological system of“nation states”,expands the analytical units and research paradigms of compar-ative education,and transcends the limitations of“methodological nationalism”.In the context of the transition from“nationalism”to“cosmopolitanism”in humanities and social sciences,it is a feasible path to overcome the current development dilemma of comparative education methodology.