施肥对黑老虎生长及开花结实的影响

Effect of Fertilization on the Growth,Flowering and Fruiting of Kadsura coccinea

为研究施肥对果用黑老虎生长及开花结实的影响,以生红土为对照,设置添加腐殖土和缓释肥不同配比共5种施肥处理的盆栽试验,处理5个月后调查黑老虎的株高,1 a后调查各处理基质的养分状况、叶片养分含量及植株分枝数和开花结实情况。结果显示:(1)在生红土中施入50%的腐殖土,具有显著调节土壤肥力的作用(P<0.001),土壤pH值由酸性转为中性,土壤有机质、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾显著高于对照,且显著增加了叶片中的N、P、K含量;添加50%腐殖土的处理及同时添加50%腐殖土和2 kg·m^(-3)缓释肥的处理,叶片中的N、P、K含量比对照分别高出25.5%、122.5%、154.9%和28.5%、40.5%、52.4%,而且能调节其叶片中N、P、K养分的均衡性。这2个处理的N、P、K比分别为10︰1︰8和16︰1︰7,P和K的比例差异仅在1︰10以内,株高、分枝数、开花率、结实率、长势也都明显优于对照和缓释肥处理。(2)随缓释肥施用浓度增加,土壤pH值下降,酸性加重,土壤中有效磷、速效钾、全磷、全钾随缓释肥浓度增加而增加,水解性氮和全氮含量均低于对照;叶片中K随缓释肥浓度增加呈显著增加,N和P则随之增加而减少,N、P、K 3元素的比例差异增大,养分不均衡明显;缓释肥浓度超过4 kg·m^(-3)时黑老虎株高、分枝数、开花率、结实率、长势都较对照低,浓度达到6 kg·m^(-3)则抑制生长。研究结果表明:黑老虎适合在弱酸性至中性、有机质含量高的土壤环境中生长,施肥应以有机肥为主,在人工培育中应注意立地选择和土壤改良。

In order to study the effects of soil physical and chemical properties on the growth,flowering and fruiting of Kadsura coccinea,a pot experiment was conducted using raw red soil as a control,with five fertilization treatments of humus soil and slow-release fertilizer ratios.The plant height of K.coccinea were investigated after five months,and after one year,the nutrient status,leaf nutrient content,plant branch number,flowering and fruiting of each treatment substrate were investigated.The results showed that applying 50%humus soil in the red soil had a significant effect on regulating soil fertility(P<0.001).The soil pH changed from acidic to neutral,and the organic matter,total nitrogen,hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium in the soil were significantly higher than those in the control.The N,P,and K contents in the leaves were also significantly increased.The treatment with 50%humus added and simultaneous addition of 50%humus soil and 2 kg·m^(-3)slow-release fertilizer increased the N,P,and K contents in the leaves by 25.5%,122.5%,154.9%,and 28.5%,40.5%,and 52.4%higher than those in the control,respectively.Moreover,the balance of N,P,and K nutrients in their leaves was regulated,and the N,P,and K nutrient ratios in these two treatments were the smallest,at 10︰1︰8 and 16︰1︰7,respectively.The proportional difference of P and K was only within 1︰10.The plant height,branch number,flowering rate,seed setting rate,and growth were significantly better than the control and other slow-release fertilizer treatments.The effect of adding slow-release fertilizer was different.As the concentration of slow-release fertilizer increasing,the soil pH value was decreased and acidity intensified,the available phosphorus,available potassium,total phosphorus and total potassium in the soil were increased with the concentration of slow-release fertilizer.The content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and total nitrogen were lower than the control.The K in the leaves were significantly increased with the increase of slow-release fertilizer concentration,while N and P were decreased.The proportion difference of N,P,and K elements was increased,and the nutrient imbalance was obvious when the concentration of slow-release fertilizer exceeded above 4 kg·m^(-3),the height and branch number flowering rate,seed setting rate,and growth were lower than the control.When the concentration reached 6 kg·m^(-3),the growth was inhibited.The research results indicate that K.coccinea is suitable for growing in soil environments with weak acidity to neutrality and high organic matter content.Fertilization should mainly use organic fertilizer,attention should be paid to site selection and soil improvement in artificial cultivation.