酒与古代佛教僧人之戒律实践

Alcohol and Ancient Buddhist Monks'Vinaya Practice

佛教戒律经典及其他经典文本都明言禁止僧人饮酒乃至从事酤酒、酿酒等与酒相关之活动。但大量的考古资料和文献记载证实,在佛教从印度自西向东传播的过程中,从犍陀罗经中亚再到东亚的广泛区域内,沿途各地的僧人在寺院生活中都有饮酒或酿酒、酤酒等行为。从僧人这一行为可窥见古代佛教僧人日常宗教实践与经典文本之间的张力。对于这种明显违反戒律规定的行为,僧人们通过多种方式将其合理化,如以解经学的方法,对酒的定义、犯饮酒戒应满足之条件及饮酒戒之性质,均提出新的解释,并通过僧传将僧人饮酒的行为塑造成教化众生的一种手段。这也提示我们,经典文本与宗教实践之间的关系是双向的,经典文本约束僧人的实践行为,实践行为也促使僧人们对经典文本作出新的诠释。

Buddhist vinaya and other classic texts prohibit monks from drinking,even selling and making alcohol.However,from various archaeological materials and literature records,it can be found that during the spread of Buddhism from west to east,monks from various places along the way,from Gandhara to Central Asia and then to East Asia,drank alcohol or engaged in activities related to alcohol in monastic life.The incident of monks drinking alcohol reveals the tension between the daily religious practices of ancient Buddhist monks and classic texts.For such obvious violations of the vinaya,monks rationalize them through various means,such as proposing new interpretations of the madya-pāna-virati in the vinaya,and shaping the behavior of monks drinking alcohol into a means of educating sentient beings through monks Biographies.This also reminds us that the relationship between classic texts and religious practice is bidirectional.Classic texts constrain practical behavior,and practical behavior also prompts monks to make new interpretations of classic texts.