十论、墨义、后墨学流派——试论墨家主张的互洽性与表征形式

Ten Mohist Theses,Mohist Righteousness,and Later Mohist Schools:A Discussion of the Harmony and Representational Forms among Mohism

墨学的互洽逻辑不是建立在抽象的理论演绎基础之上,而是以构建平等之爱的治理理念与乱世背景下的治理实践的内在统一为支撑。墨子早年师从儒者,墨学对儒家思想既有批判,也有在认同基础上的重新阐释,儒墨两家在一定时期内存在对立统一与互洽共生的关系。墨学以义为载体,论述形上之道与形下之器,墨家之义不是仅存在于墨学的某个具体主张中,而是以其整体思想的形上之道为依据。先秦时期儒墨同为“显学”,在对二家之义的比较中追溯先秦义利思想的本源,可以为墨家之义及其义利等同的理念提供一个新的阐述视角,也有助于理解后世各墨学流派所秉持之义的异化。针对原初之义的遮蔽及由此遮蔽所产生的后墨学流派的政治主张进行有限推断,可以见出墨学不同流派在理论实践与治理环境的互洽中的表征形式存在必然性与合理性,而这种现象亦符合墨学“凡入国必择务而从事”的表述。

The harmony of Mohist logic is not based on abstract theoretical deduction,but rather supported by the internal unity of constructing a governance philosophy of universal love and the practical governance in the context of a chaotic era.In his early years,Mozi studied under Confucian scholars.Mohism both criticizes and reinterprets Confucian thought,reconstructing it on a foundational basis of acknowledgment.During a certain period,there was a relationship of dialectical unity and harmonious coexistence between Confucianism and Mohism.Mohism uses the concept of righteousness as a vehicle to discuss both the metaphysical and the physical.The righteousness in Mohism is not confined to any specific tenet but is based on the metaphysical principles of Mohist philosophy.In the pre-Qin period,both Confucianism and Mohism were highly influential schools of thought.Comparing the principles of these two schools to trace the origins of pre-Qin concepts of righteousness and utility provides a new perspective for interpreting Mohist righteousness and its concept of the equivalence of righteousness and utility.This also aids in understanding the differences between the righteousness upheld by the various later Mohist schools after the school's division and the original concept of righteousness.By examining the concealment of the original righteousness in Mohism after its fragmentation and making limited inferences about the political propositions of the later Mohist schools that emerged thereafter,one can conclude the inevitability and rationality of the changes in ideology among the various later Mohist schools as they combined theory with practice.This phenomenon aligns with the Mohist statement that“whenever one enters a country,one must choose the most urgent tasks to undertake”.