董仲舒与苏东坡:政治思想异同比较

Similarities and Differences in Political Thoughts between Dong Zhongshu and Su Dongpo

苏东坡在诗文中至少有10次提及董仲舒。其中重要一点,苏东坡把董仲舒视为自己的“前身”。事实上,苏东坡与董仲舒的生平履历存在诸多相似之处,其政治思想具有很大的可比性。在君道观、民本论、人性论、天人感应论、德主刑辅论,以及批判秦朝暴政等方面都存在相似或相同的思想观点。不同之处主要表现在两个方面:其一,董仲舒认为,民众浑朴无知,有赖于王者施行教化;苏东坡认为,民众具有智慧,统治者应该“以民为师”和“广开言路”。其二,董仲舒主张大一统,对西汉以后的中国历史文化产生了深远影响;苏东坡主张思想自由、兼容并包,可谓是后世追求思想自由、兼容并包的先驱性人物。立足新时代,如何权衡和吸收他们的政治思想,值得今人深思。

Su Dongpo mentioned Dong Zhongshu at least 10 times in his poems and essays.One important point is that Su Dongpo regarded Dong Zhongshu as his"predecessor".In fact,there are many similarities between them in their life experiences and their political thoughts are highly comparable.They share similar or identical ideological viewpoints in terms of monarchical morality,people-oriented theory,theory of human nature,theory of the response between heaven and man,theory of morality being primary and punishment being secondary,and criticism of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty.The differences are mainly manifested in two aspects:Firstly,Dong Zhongshu believed that the people were ignorant and reliant on the ruler to implement edification,whereas Su Dongpo believed that the people possessed wisdom,and rulers should"learn from the people"and"openly solicit opinions."Secondly,Dong Zhongshu advocated great unity,which had a profound influence on Chinese history and culture after the Western Han Dynasty;Su Dongpo advocated ideological freedom and inclusiveness,and can be considered a pioneer in pursuit of ideological freedom and inclusiveness in later generations.In the new era,how to weigh and absorb their political thoughts deserves deep reflection.