欧洲乡村分类研究进展及其对我国的启示

Research Progress of Rural Classification in Europe and Its Enlightenment to China

伴随着经济社会的快速发展和新型城镇化的持续推进,我国乡村地区日益转型重构并呈现出多元变化的发展态势,亟须学界针对乡村概念及其类型划分进行新的认知探索,以稳步推进国家乡村振兴战略的实施。欧洲开展乡村研究相对较早且方法体系成熟,借鉴其经验教训将有助于拓展乡村认知的视角,为我国当前乡村发展提供新思路。本文首先从乡村概念辨析出发,总结其在乡村空间关系、乡村功能要素以及乡村空间概念上展现出的新突破。其次,将乡村内涵融入欧洲乡村研究的现有分类方法,分别针对典型国家的乡村分类案例进行具体阐述。其中,空间类型学分别从地理景观梯度和城乡连续体视角进行说明;绩效类型学分别从变化的乡村、多功能乡村和异质性乡村视角进行探讨;多维类型学分别从多空间梯度与绩效结合和动态化空间与绩效结合视角进行表述。最后,结合“理论概念—类型识别—发展提升”三方面对我国当前乡村研究与发展提出建议,推动新时代乡村发展转型及其空间优化。

With the rapid economic and social development and the continuous promotion of new urbanization,China’s rural areas are increasingly transforming and restructuring and showing a development trend of multiple changes.It is urgent for the academic community to conduct a new cognition of the concept and classification of rural areas,so as to steadily promote the implementation of the national rural revitalization strategy.European rural research is relatively early and has a mature methodological system.Learning from its experience and lessons will help to expand the perspective of rural cognition and provide new ideas for China’s current rural development.Firstly,from the perspective of rural concept discrimination,this paper summarizes the new breakthrough in rural space relations,rural functional elements and rural space concept.Secondly,the rural connotation is integrated into the existing rural classification of European,and the rural classification cases of typical countries are elaborated in detail.Spatial typology is analyzed from the perspectives of geographic landscape gradient and urbanrural continuum,performance typology is discussed from the perspectives of changing countryside,multifunctional countryside and heterogeneous countryside,and multi-dimensional typology is expressed from perspectives of multi-spatial gradient combined with performance and dynamic space combined with performance.Finally,this paper provides suggestions on the current rural research and development in China from three aspects of“theoretical concept-type identity-development and promotion”,and promotes the transformation and spatial optimization of rural development in the new era.