印度正理派哲学中的“推断”概念

The Concept of“Anumāna”in Indian Nyāya Philosophy

“推断”概念是印度早期正理派哲学和逻辑思想中的核心概念。通过对该概念的分析可知,印度早期正理派逻辑具有多面性特质。首先,早期正理派逻辑与亚里士多德的三段论存在相似之处,因此该逻辑具有演绎推理的某些特质。其次,早期正理派逻辑涉及对类比推理的使用,因此该逻辑兼具类比推理的某些特质。第三,早期正理派逻辑可以按照溯因推理的形式结构进行重构,因此该逻辑亦具有溯因推理的某些特质。上述多面性特质所引发的启示在于,一方面,印度逻辑具有现代价值,即能够为当代人工智能逻辑的发展提供有益的启示;另一方面,对东方逻辑的研究亦应当立足于东方文化视角,通过东西方互鉴从而得到全面的阐释。

The concept of“anumāna”is a core concept in early Indian Nyāya philosophy and logical thought.Through the analysis of this concept,it can be concluded that early Indian Nyāya logic is multifaceted.Firstly,there are similarities between early Nyāya logic and Aristotle’s syllogism;so the former has the characteristics of deductive reasoning.Secondly,early Nyāya logic has included the use of analogical reasoning;thus it possesses the characteristics of analogical reasoning.Thirdly,early Nyāya logic can be reconstructed according to the formal structure of abductive reasoning;therefore it also possesses the characteristics of abductive reasoning.The inspiration drawn from the multifaceted characteristics is as follows.On the one hand,Indian logic has embodied the modern significance,that is,it can provide useful insights for the development of logics in artificial intelligence at present.On the other hand,the study of Eastern logic should also be based on the perspective of Eastern culture,and a comprehensive interpretation of Eastern logic may be achieved through mutual learning between the East and the West.