不同种源西伯利亚杏无性系花粉的生物学特性

Pollen biological characteristics of different provenances of Prunus sibirica clones

【目的】为筛选西伯利亚杏Prunus sibirica优良授粉品种提供参考。【方法】以8个种源30个西伯利亚杏无性系为研究对象,调查开花物候期,观察花粉量和花粉形态,检测花粉活力,对花粉生物学特性指标进行聚类分析和主成分分析。【结果】西伯利亚杏花期集中在4月9—17日,依据花期相遇情况,可将无性系分为4组,第1组包含5号、7号、1006号无性系,第2组包含592号、29号无性系,第3组包含14号、334号、506号、518号、1004号无性系,第4组包含508号、516号、517号、352号等20个无性系。西伯利亚杏花粉粒呈长球形或超长球形,具有3条窄而浅的萌发沟,极面观可分为近圆形和三裂圆形2种形状,平均花粉畸形率为6.08%~27.14%,不同种源的花粉形态特征存在差异。各花粉形态特征指标的变异系数为1.58%~15.65%,种源间变异系数为2.20%~9.79%。西伯利亚杏各无性系的单花花粉为10083~32250粒,其中无性系508号与592号等17个无性系差异显著。花粉萌发率为7.11%~95.84%,花粉管长度为74.08~529.97μm,其中无性系30号的花粉萌发率最高,花粉管长度最长,显著高于部分无性系;328号、17号无性系花粉较其他无性系的畸形率低,花粉较饱满。参试无性系可被聚类为6个类群:类群Ⅵ的单花花粉量最多、萌发率最高、花粉管最长,综合表现最好;类群Ⅳ、Ⅴ的单花花粉量较多、萌发率较高、花粉管较长,综合表现较好;类群Ⅲ的单花花粉量偏少、萌发率偏低、花粉管生长速度慢,综合表现较差;类群Ⅰ、Ⅱ的单花花粉量、萌发率和花粉管长度均中等,综合表现一般。花粉萌发率及花粉管长度、单花花粉量、畸形率3个主成分的累计贡献率达92.697%。【结论】30个西伯利亚杏无性系花粉的部分特性存在显著差异,30号、328号、56号、516号、508号、518号6个无性系表现优良,其中30号无性系花粉特性的综合得分最高,适合用作授粉良种进行培育。

【Objective】To provide reference for screening excellent pollination varieties of Prunus sibirica.【Method】Taking 30 P.sibirica clones from 8 provenances as the research objects,the flowering phenology was investigated,the pollen quantity and pollen morphology were observed,the pollen viability was detected,and the pollen biological characteristics were analyzed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis.【Result】The flowering period of P.sibiricain was concentrated from 9 April to 17 April.According to the flowering period,the clones were divided into 4 groups.The first group included No.5,No.7 and No.1006,the second group contained clones No.592,No.29,the third group contained clones No.14,No.334,No.506,No.518,No.1004,and the fourth group contained No.508,No.516,No.517,No.352 and other 20 clones.The pollen grains of P.sibirica were prolate or super-prolate,with three narrow and shallow germination grooves.The polar view was divided into two shapes:near-circular and trilobal.The mean pollen deformity rate was 6.08%to 27.14%.The pollen morphological characteristics of different seed sources.The coefficients of variation of the pollen morphology indexes ranged from 1.58%to 15.65%,and the coefficients of variation among seed sources ranged from 2.20%to 9.79%.The single flower pollen amount of each clone of P.sibirica ranged from 10083 grains to 32250 grains,among which 17 clones,including clone No.508 and No.592,differed significantly.The pollen germination rates ranged from 7.11%to 95.84%,and the pollen tube lengths ranged from 74.08μm to 529.97μm.Among which,clone No.30 had the highest germination rate and the longest pollen tube lengths,which were significantly higher than those of some clones;No.328 and No.17 had lower deformity rates than other clones,and the pollen was fuller.The tested clones could be clustered into six groups.GroupⅥhad the highest number of single flower pollen,the highest germination rate,the longest pollen tube,and the best comprehensive performance.GroupsⅣandⅤhad more single flower pollen,higher germination rate,longer pollen tube,and better comprehensive performance.The single flower pollen quantity of groupⅢwas less,the germination rate was low,the pollen tube growth rate was slow,and the comprehensive performance was poor.The single flower pollen quantity,germination rate and pollen tube length of groupsⅠandⅡwere medium,and the comprehensive performance was general.The cumulative contribution rate of three principal components of pollen germination rate,pollen tube length,ingle flower pollen quantity and deformity rate was 92.697%.【Conclusion】The pollen characteristics of 30 P.sibirica clones differed significantly,and six clones,No.30,No.328,No.56,No.516,No.508,and No.518 showed excellent performance,among which,No.30 asexual line had the highest score of pollen characteristics,which was suitable for breeding as a pollinated variety.