南宋四川山城遗址概说——结构类型、特点价值、保护利用

An Overview of the Southern Song Dynasty’s Mountain Fortified City Sites in Sichuan——Structural Type,Characteristic Value,Protection and Utilization

南宋四川山城遗址是宋廷在宋元战争背景下营建的山城体系的遗存。该山城体系以制司所在的重庆城为中心、以抚司级山城为节点、以府州级山城为基础,构成一个严密的金字塔形结构。所有新建山城都选择险要山地营建,形成以山城为点、江河为线的集建置城市和军事堡垒为一体的军政系统。该山城体系以制司所在的夔州路为根本、以四川腹地的潼川府路为外围、以原制司所在的成都府路为经营重点、以原兴元府路为光复远景、以蒙元南下的主要路线“外水”为主要防御方向。依托这个山城体系,南宋四川当局与强大的蒙元军队进行了长达40余年的拉锯战。这些山城在宋元战争结束后废弃成为遗址,因在险峻山区,城址保存相对完整,成为具有历史价值、纪念价值和旅游价值的重要文化遗产。如何整体保护山城体系的系统性、山城格局的完整性和山城要素的真实性,是今后南宋四川山城遗址保护和利用需要认真思考的问题。

The Southern Song Dynasty’s mountain fortified city sites in Sichuan are remnants of a military fortified city system constructed amidst the tumult of the Song-Yuan wars.Centered around Chongqing city,where the Zhisi(governing offices)resided,this mountain fortified city system featured a hierarchical structure with Fusi-level(military administrative level)fortified cities as pivotal nodes,and Fu-Zhou-level(prefecture-level)fortified cities as the foundation layer,forming a tight pyramidal configuration.All newly built mountain fortified cities were strategically located on formidable terrain to establish an integrated military-administrative framework,connecting cities and fortifications through a network defined by mountain strongholds and riverine arteries.This system was anchored in Kuizhou Road where Zhisi was located,with Tongchuan Prefecture Road in Sichuan’s hinterland as its periphery,focusing on Chengdu Prefecture Road(where Zhisi was originally situated)for key operations,envisioning Xingyuan Prefecture Road as liberation.The‘Outer Water’being the main route,is a critical path for Mongol Yuan’s southward expansion,served as the system’s frontline of defense.This mountain fortified city system in Sichuan was instrumental in the Southern Song Dynasty’s protracted,40-year resistance against the powerful Mongol Yuan army.Post the Song-Yuan wars,these mountain fortified cities were forsaken and gradually became ruins.Their remote,rugged settings have contributed to a relatively well-preserved condition,endowing them with historical,commemorative,and tourism values as important cultural heritage sites.The challenge of preserving the integrity of the system,while maintaining its structural completeness and the authenticity of its elements are critical issues to consider for future preservation and utilization strategies for the Southern Song Dynasty’s mountain fortified city sites in Sichuan.