个罪法益与构成要件的解释方法

Interpretation Doctrine of Legal Interest and Constitutive Element of the Crime

个罪的法益与构成要件需要妥当解释,才能公正合理地适用。明确个罪的法益,有助于认清犯罪本质和处罚范围;以法益保护指导构成要件解释,有助于划清处罚界限。个罪法益可从体系地位、罪状规定和比较法视角等确定。负有照护职责人员性侵罪的法益是已满14周岁不满16周岁女性的性自主权,而不是身心健康;高空抛物罪的法益是地面公共场所人们生活起居的安稳有序的状态,而不是公共安全。构成要件解释应坚持客观解释论和实质解释论,在刑法文义的限制下,做合理的平义解释以及必要的扩大解释或缩小解释。妨害安全驾驶罪的“暴力”是广义的,“行驶中”是指发动机处于启动状态;负有照护职责人员性侵罪的“发生性关系”是指男性生殖器针对女性的侵入身体式的性行为,包括性交、肛交和口交;高空抛物罪的物品性质(属性、种类)不宜限定;侵害英雄烈士名誉、荣誉罪的对象应限定为烈士。个罪的解释应遵循罪刑法定原则,禁止做不利于被告人的类推解释。从地面向高空抛掷物品而使其从高空坠落,或者跳楼自杀,或者将他人从楼顶等高空推下等行为,均不符合高空抛物罪。

The legal interest and the constitutive element of the crime should be properly interpreted,so that the crime could be applied fairly and reasonably.Clarification of the legal interest is helpful in recognizing the nature of the crime and the scope of the punishment.The interpretation of the constitutive element of the guidance of legal interest is helpful to delimit the limitation of punishment.The legal interest can be determined from the systematic status of the article,the provisions of the crime and the comparative law perspective.For example,the legal interest of the crime of sexual assault by personnel with care duties is the sexual autonomy of women between the ages of 14 and 16,rather than physical and mental health;the legal interest of the crime of throwing objects at high altitude is the stable and orderly state of people's lives in public places on the ground,rather than public safety.The interpretation of the constitutive element should adhere to the objective interpretative theory and the substantial interpretative theory,under the restriction of regulations,so as to make a reasonable interpretation of the common meaning,or enlarge or reduce the interpretation as necessary.For example,“violence”in the crime of interfering with safe driving is broad,“driving”refers to the engine in the starting state;“sexual relations”in the crime of sexual assault by personnel with care duties refers to the invasive sexual behavior of male genitalia against women,including sexual intercourse,anal sex and oral sex;the nature(attribute,type)of the object of the crime of throwing objects at high altitude should not be limited;the object of the crime of violating the reputation and honor of heroes and martyrs is martyrs.The interpretation of the criminal law should adhere to law principle,thus analogy interpretation that is not conducive to the defendant should be prohibited.For example,throwing objects from the ground to the high altitude and causing them to land,jumping to suicide or pushing others off the roof and other high altitude acts are not consistent with the crime of throwing objects at high altitude.