刑事证据审查标准及其经验

Standards of Criminal Evidence Review and Its Experience

证据审查围绕证据属性展开,在不同程序阶段、不同逻辑层次上的重心有所不同,因此证据审查具有层次性。但层次性之于证据审查不在于证据属性本身的层次性,而与证据审查标准有关。证据属性只是证据审查的内容而非标准。证据审查标准也与证据标准、证明标准不同,它是支配法官在诉讼中判断证据是否可以使用以及是否可以通过该证据认定案件事实的基本准则。其中,证据审查标准具有较强的经验性,起到联结规范与实践的作用,是司法实践普遍遵循的对待证据的潜意识。我国刑事证据审查的三步式特征为归纳提炼证据审查标准提供了视角,包括“从材料到证据”的初步审查标准、“从证据到定案根据”的精细审查标准以及“定案根据确定”的最终审查标准。每一项下又有多个具体标准,以期为法官审查证据提供有益的经验指引。

Evidence review revolves around the attribute of evidence,with different focus at different procedural stages and in different logical sequences.This suggests that there is a hierarchy to evidence review.However,the hierarchy of evidence review has nothing to do with whether the evidence attribute itself is hierarchical,but with the standard of evidence review.Evidentiary attribute is only the content of the evidence review rather than the standard.The standard of evidence review is also different from the standard of evidence and the standard of proof.It is the basic criterion that governs the investigators to judge whether evidence can be used and whether the facts of a case can be identified through evidence.Among them,the empirical standard of evidence review plays an important role in connecting norms and practice,and it is the subconsciousness of the evidence treatment that is generally followed.The three-step characteristics of criminal evidence review in our country provides a perspective for summarizing the standards of evidence review,including the preliminary review standard of“material to evidence”,the fine review standard of“evidence to final basis”,and the final review standard of“final basis”.Under each of these,there are many specific criteria that provide useful empirical guidance for judges to examine evidence.