Marine natural product lepadin A as a novel inducer of immunogenic cell death via CD91-dependent pathway

Immunogenic Cell Death(ICD)represents a mechanism of enhancing T cell-driven response against tumor cells.The process is enabled by release of damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs)and cytokines by dying cells.Based on molecular studies and clinical marker assessment,ICD can be a new target for cancer chemotherapy hitherto restricted to a few conventional anticancer drugs.In view of the development of small molecules in targeted cancer therapy,we reported the preliminary evidence on the role of the natural product lepadin A(1)as a novel ICD inducer.Here we describe the ICD mechanism of lepadin A(1)by proving the translocation of the protein calreticulin(CRT)to the plasma membrane of human A2058 melanoma cells.CRT exposure is an ICD marker in clinical studies and was associated with the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in A2058 cells with lepadin A(1).After the treatment,the tumour cells acquired the ability to activate dendritic cells(DCs)with cytokine release and costimulatory molecule expression that is consistent with a phenotypic profile committed to priming T lymphocytes via a CD91-dependent mechanism.The effect of lepadin A(1)was dose-dependent and comparable to the response of the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin(2),a well-established ICD inducer.