从《切韵》到《东宫切韵》——兼论日本平安时代省试诗的用韵问题

From Qieyun to Tokyosetuin:On the Rhymes of the Japanese Provincial Examination in the Heian Period

陆法言撰《切韵》在有唐一代被作为官方指定韵书,成为科举考试中诗赋用韵的评判标准。《切韵》系韵书于奈良时代前期东传日本,至平安时代初开始在日本广为流传。通过对平安时代省试诗用韵中“独用”“同用”现象的分析,可以断定《切韵》系韵书在平安时代的文章生试诗中已经成为官方指定韵书被广泛使用。贞观十三年(870)前后,菅原是善汇集十四家《切韵》系韵书,撰成《东宫切韵》,该书不仅方便了日本学人赋诗用韵之需,促进了平安时代韵学的进一步发展,也是日本诗赋用韵逐步走向成熟的标志。

During the Tang dynasty,Qieyun was used as the official designated book in rhyme,which became the criterion of poetic rhyme in the imperial examination.In the early Nara period,Qieyun was introduced to Japan and began to be widely circulated during the early Heian period.By analyzing the phenomenon of"exclusive use"and"common use"of rhymes in the poetry of the provincial examination of the Heian period,it can be concluded that the rhyming dictionary related with Qieyun had become the officially designated rhyme book widely used in the essay text of the Heian period.Around the 13th year of Zhenguan(870),Sugawara no Koreyoshi cited 13 kinds of rhyming dictionaries of ancient China into a book titled Tokyosetuin.The completion of Tokyosetuin is subjectively to facilitate the need of"Kanke"to use rhythm,which objectively promoted the further development of rhyme in the Heian era and marked the gradual maturity of the use of rhyme in Japanese poetry.