个人信息侵权因果关系认定困境的纾解——以推定因果关系为进路

Alleviation of the dilemma of determining the causalityof personal information infringement——Taking the presumption of causality as the approach

在个人信息侵权案件中,受害人证明因果关系受证明能力不足、证明成本高、证明标准模糊、数人侵权案情复杂等而陷入困境。上述司法认定困境与因果关系理论争议不无关系,条件说、类推说、相当因果关系说均存在理论缺陷与价值局限,基于盖然性标准的理论支撑以及个人信息侵权解纷的现实需要,推定因果关系说具有适用的可行性与必要性。规则优化方面,原告需在形式上对因果关系负证明责任,证明的程度达到一般程度以上;被告需证明因果关系不存在且该证明责任达到高度盖然性方可否认侵权责任。

In personal information infringement cases,the victim is in a dilemma due to insufficient ability to prove causal relationship,high cost of proof,vague standard of proof,and complex infringement cases of several persons.The above-mentioned dilemma of judicial recognition is not unrelated to the theoretical controversy of causality,and the theory of conditionality,analogy,and equivalent causation all have theoretical defects and value limitations.Based on the theoretical support of the criterion of probability and the practical needs of resolving disputes over personal information infringement,the theory of presumption of causation has the feasibility and necessity of application.In terms of rule optimization,the plaintiff needs to bear the formal burden of proof for causality,and the degree of proof reaches a general level or above;The defendant needs to prove that the causal relationship does not exist and that the burden of proof reaches a high degree of certainty before it can deny tort liability.