不同耕作施肥模式对夏玉米干物质积累、产量和氮肥利用率的影响

Effects of Cultivation and Fertilization Modes on Dry Matter Accumulation,Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Summer Maize

针对当前中低产夏玉米田耕层薄、犁底层厚、单施缓释肥及玉米生育前期氮素供应不足的问题,本试验以玉米品种联创839为材料,在施氮240 kg/hm^(2)条件下,设置免耕单层PK肥(无氮肥,SPK)、免耕单层缓释NPK肥(SNPK)、免耕单层掺混NPK肥(SNMPK)、深松分层PK肥(无氮肥,DPK)、深松缓释NPK肥(DNPK)、深松分层NPK肥(DNLPK)共6个处理,所有肥料均一次性基施,研究不同耕作施肥处理对夏玉米干物质积累、产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同耕作施肥处理对玉米成熟期干物质积累量和产量影响显著,其中DNLPK处理玉米干物质积累量和产量均最高,较DNPK、SNMPK、SNPK处理分别显著提高了8.8%、5.7%,9.5%、5.4%和13.0%、12.0%;不同耕作施肥处理对茎叶干物质转运量和转运率影响显著,缺氮处理的干物质转运量和转运率均较高,其中DPK处理均最高,较DNLPK处理高出511.00 kg/hm^(2)和7.99个百分点;不同耕作施肥处理显著影响花前干物质对籽粒的贡献率,缺氮处理的较高,其中SPK处理最高,比DNLPK处理高出11.17个百分点;不同耕作施肥处理对植株氮素积累量影响显著,其中DNLPK处理最高,较DNPK、SNMPK、SNPK处理分别提高1.9%、3.9%、5.4%,均达显著水平;不同耕作施肥处理对氮肥表观利用效率影响显著,其中DNLPK处理最高,较DNPK、SNMPK、SNPK处理分别提高4.9%、7.1%、11.0%,均达显著水平。综上看出,深松分层施肥技术既能满足中低产田夏玉米对养分的需求,又能提高氮肥利用率,实现产量提升。该结论可为深松分层施肥技术在生产上大面积推广应用提供数据支撑和理论依据。

In order to solve the problems of thin plough layer,thick plough bottom layer,single application of slow-release fertilizer and insufficient nitrogen supply at early growth stage in medium-and low-yield in summer maize fields,this experiment was conducted using maize variety Lianchuang 839 as material.Six treatments were set under the nitrogen(N)application rate of 240 kg/hm^(2),which were no-tillage single-layer(phosphorus and potassium,PK)fertilization(no N,SPK),no-tillage single-layer slow-release NPK fertilization(SNPK),no-tillage single-layer mixed NPK fertilization(SNMPK),subsoiling layered PK fertilization(no N,DPK),subsoiling slow-release NPK fertilization(DNPK)and subsoiling layered NPK fertilization(DNLPK),and all fertilizers were used by one-off basal application.The effects of different tillage and fertilization treatments on dry matter accumulation,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize were studied.The results showed that different tillage and fertilization treatments had significant effects on dry matter accumulation and yield of maize at maturity stage with the highest value in treatment DNLPK,which increased significantly by 8.8% and 5.7%,9.5% and 5.4%,and 13.0% and 12.0%,respectively,compared with the treatments of DNPK,SNMPK and SNPK.Different treatments had significant effects on amount and rate of dry matter transport in leaves and stems,which were higher in no-nitrogen treatments,and the highest in DPK treatment that were 511.00 kg/hm^(2) and 7.99 percentage points higher than those in treatment DNLPK.Different treatments had significant effects on contribution rate of dry matter before flowering to grain,which were higher in no-nitrogen treatments,and the highest in SPK treatment that was 11.17 percentage points higher than that in treatment DNLPK.Different treatments had significant effects on plant nitrogen accumulation and apparent nitrogen use efficiency,among which,the treatment DNLPK had the highest values,which increased by 1.9%,3.9% and 5.4%,and 4.9%,7.1% and 11.0%,respectively,compared with the treatments of DNPK,SNMPK and SNPK,and all reached significant level.Above all,the subsoiling layered fertilization technology could not only meet the nutrient needs of maize in medium-and low-yield fields,but also improve the nitrogen use efficiency and yield.This conclusion could provide data supports and theoretical bases for the application of the technology in large-scale production.