基于结构、功能和专项特征分析柔道运动员常见的运动损伤

Analysis of Common Sports Injuries in Judo Athletes Based on Structure,Function and Specific Characteristics

目的:从人体解剖结构、生理功能和运动专项特征的角度出发,探讨柔道运动员常见的运动损伤,提出损伤的防治策略,为柔道运动员损伤的预防和教练员科学训练提供理论参考和实践指导。方法:以38名内蒙古柔道运动员为研究对象,采用调查和功能评估等方法,从结构、功能和专项特征方面分析运动损伤发生的部位、类型及原因。结果:柔道运动员常见的运动损伤部位是膝关节、腰部和肩关节,常见的损伤类型为韧带肌肉损伤、关节扭伤、错位与半脱位,运动损伤发生的主要原因为身体素质差、动作模式不正确、带伤参训比赛。结论:柔道运动员膝关节胫侧副韧带、前交叉韧带损伤、半月板损伤、腘绳肌拉伤较为常见,训练中需注重动作模式的优化,增强下肢的稳定性与控制力,加强髋关节的灵活性训练,强化臀肌和腘绳肌力量训练;腰部损伤主要为腰肌劳损、腰部扭伤和腰椎间盘突出,应加强核心力量训练,注重多裂肌、腹横肌等核心稳定肌群的强化训练,训练后及时手法松解腰部肌群,避免发生慢性腰肌劳损;柔道运动员肩袖损伤、肩关节损伤以及肩部骨折较为常见,训练中应加强肩关节周围肌肉力量及平衡协调性,强化后缩外旋力量,加强深层稳定肌群及神经肌肉控制训练。

Objective:From the perspective of human anatomical structure,physiological function and sports specific characteristics,this paper explores common sports injuries in judo athletes,proposes prevention and treatment strategies for injuries,and provides theoretical reference and practical guidance for the prevention of injuries in judo athletes and the scientific training of coaches.Methods:Using 38 Inner Mongolia judo athletes as the research subjects,methods such as investigation and functional evaluation were used to analyze the location,type and cause of sports injuries from the aspects of structure,function and specific characteristics.Results:The common sports injuries for judo athletes are in the knee,waist,and shoulder joints.The common types of injuries include ligament and muscle injuries,joint sprains,dislocations and subluxations.The main causes of sports injuries are poor physical fitness,incorrect movement patterns and participation in training competitions with injuries.Conclusion:Judo athletes often suffer from injuries to the tibial collateral ligament,anterior cruciate ligament,meniscus and hamstring muscles in their knee joints.Therefore,it is important to optimize the movement mode during training,enhance the stability and control of the lower limbs,enhance the flexibility of the hip joint,and strengthen the strength training of the gluteus and hamstring muscles;Lumbar injuries mainly include lumbar muscle strain,lumbar sprains and lumbar disc herniation.Core strength training should be strengthened,with emphasis on strengthe ning stable muscle groups such as the multifidus and transverse abdominis.After training,timely manual release of the lumbar muscle groups should be carried out to avoid chronic lumbar muscle strain;Judo athletes often suffer from rotator cuff injuries,shoulder joint injuries,and shoulder fractures.During training,it is necessary to strengthen the strength and balance coordination of the muscles around the shoulder joint,enhance the strength of the posterior contraction and external rotation,and strengthen deep stabilizing muscle groups and neuromuscular control training.