事实因果关系的归责功能

The Imputation Function of Factual Causation

“归因—归责”的阶层性判断框架对因果关系从事实到规范、从客观到主观的判断模式是法学界的共识,但对事实因果关系的判断是否只是单纯地适用条件公式值得研究。行为危险现实化说在特殊体质和介入型案件中采用比较事实原因力的方法降低规范判断承载的压力,把对危险实现的规范判断建立在事实因果关系判断的基础之上,在一定程度上恢复了事实因果关系的重要性。无论是从自然科学、社会科学还是从日常生活经验来看,事实因果关系都不是用形式化的“若无则不”公式判断的诸多等值条件关系。事实因果关系对法律因果关系具有判断和认知两种功能。危险创设阶段的事实因果关系主要是对心理类案件和不作为案件中的因果关系提供认知功能。危险实现阶段的事实因果关系可以为特殊体质案件和介入型案件提供基于事实原因力比较的判断功能;在因果关系存在科学不确定性的案件中,危险是如何具体实现的需要通过流行病学或其他学科的合法则的事实因果关系进行判断。并非所有案件都需要事实因果关系对归责的辅助性判断功能,在非疑难案件中,事实因果关系没有必要受到特别重视;在有些疑难案件中,疑难的确只存在于规范判断上,对于这些案件,事实因果关系只需要根据条件说即可验证。

The mode of determination of causation from factual to normative and from objective to subjective in the hierarchical determination framework of"attribution-imputation"is the consensus of the legal circle,but whether the determination of factual causation is just a simple application of conditions and formula is worth studying.The doctrine of risk materialization reduces the pressure on normative determination in cases involving victim’s special constitution or cases with intervening factors by taking method of comparison of causal forces of facts,bases normative determination of risk materialization on the determination of factual causation,resumes the importance of factual causation to certain extent.No matter from the natural science,social science or daily life experience,factual causation is not such relations based on equivalent conditions as determined by the formality-styled"but for"test.Factual causation has two functions of determination and cognition of legal causation.The factual causation at the stage of risk creation mainly provides the function of cognition of causation in psychological cases and omission cases.The factual causation at the stage of risk materialization may provides the function of determination based on the comparison of causal forces of facts for cases with victim’s special constitution and cases with intervening factors;in cases where there is scientific uncertainty about causation,it is necessary to determine how a risk is specifically materialized through the law-consistent factual causation in the epidemiology or other disciplines.Not all cases need the factual causation to play its role of imputation as an auxiliary,and there is no need to pay special attention to factual causation in non-complex cases;in some complex cases,the complexity only exists in normative determination,and in these cases the factual causation can be verified only by the but-for test.