昌邑市2019—2021年狂犬病暴露人群流行病学特征分析

Analysis of epidemiologic features of rabies-exposed populations in Changyi from 2019 to 2021

目的了解昌邑市狂犬病暴露人群流行病学特征及暴露后处置情况,为下一阶段预防和控制狂犬病提供科学的参考依据。方法收集昌邑市2019—2021年狂犬病暴露人群的监测数据,利用描述性流行病学统计方法对相关资料进行分析。结果2019—2021年共收集狂犬病暴露病例17991例,男女性别比为1.12∶1;暴露人群以0~<15岁儿童青少年为主,占25.45%,各年龄、性别间暴露病例数量差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=30.820、19542.900,P<0.01);全年均有暴露病例报告;6~8月为暴露高峰,占32.79%;致伤动物主要以犬类为主,占69.27%;暴露后病例以门诊处理为主,占96.14%;暴露分级以Ⅲ级为主,占70.42%;全程免疫接种率为79.20%,注射过被动免疫制剂的人群占Ⅲ级暴露病例的9.63%,2019—2021年狂犬病被动免疫制剂注射率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=103.533,P<0.01)。结论昌邑市市民对狂犬病防控知识缺乏,狂犬病暴露后规范处置率较低,应加强对犬、猫的管理和免疫工作,弥补犬、猫的管理漏洞,加强对狂犬病监测和健康教育,提高市民狂犬病防治意识。

Objective To understand the epidemiologic features of rabies-exposed populations and the disposal conditions following exposure in Changyi,so as to provide a scientific basis for future strategies in rabies prevention and control.Methods Surveillance data on rabies-exposed populations in Changyi from 2019 to 2021 were collected and relevant information was analyzed using descriptive epidemiological statistical methods.Results A total of 17991 cases of rabies exposure were collected from 2019 to 2021,with a male-to-female sex ratio of 1.12∶1.Children and adolescents aged 0-<15 years constituted the majority of the exposed population,accounting for 25.45%.There were statistically significant differences in the number of exposed cases across different age groups and genders(χ^(2)=30.820,19542.900,P<0.01).Exposed cases were reported throughout the year,the peak period was between June and August,accounting for 32.79%.Injurious animals were mainly dogs,accounting for 69.27%.Post-exposure cases were predominantly dispose in clinic of 96.14%.Seventy-four point two percent of the cases were classified as Grade III,79.20%of the cases were vaccinated during the whole course.Those who had injected passive immunization agents accounted for 9.63%of class III exposure cases.There was a statistically significant difference in the injection rate of rabies passive immunization preparations from 2019 to 2021(χ^(2)=103.533,P<0.01).Conclusion The citizens are lack of knowledge about rabies prevention and control in Changyi.In addition,the post-exposure disposal rate is relatively low among the people with rabies-related exposure in Changyi.Management and immunization of dogs and cats should be strengthened.Addressing gaps in dog and cat management,bolstering rabies surveillance,and intensifying health education efforts are crucial to enhance rabies prevention and disposal awareness among the citizens.