遗嘱方式设立居住权的生效问题研究

Research on the Validity of the Right of Residence Established by Will

在我国《民法典》物权编中新创设的居住权制度下,现有法律规定关于居住权的生效时间存在争议。首先对相关立法术语进行甄别,其次深入探讨了遗赠和遗嘱继承两种设立居住权的方式,展示了关于生效时间的不同学术观点,包括登记生效主义、非基于法律行为物权变动说、登记对抗主义、登记宣示主义和二阶段物权变动说。通过对不同观点的梳理和比较,总结出遗赠方式设立居住权应采登记生效主义,以确保物权的公示性和法律保护;而遗嘱继承方式设立居住权则应采登记宣示主义,以维护继承人权益的稳定性和司法效率。最后,基于法律规定、物权保护和实践操作等方面的考量,提出了适用于我国国情的遗嘱方式下居住权物权变动处理规则。

Under the newly created residency system in the property rights section of China’s Civil Code,there are disputes over the effective time of the residency right in the existing legal provisions.Firstly,the relevant legislative terms are screened,and then the two ways of establishing the right of resi-dence are discussed in depth by bequest and testamentary succession,and different academic views on the effective time are presented,including the doctrine of registration validity,the theory of change of property rights not based on legal acts,the doctrine of registration confrontation,the doctrine of registration declaration and the theory of two-stage change of property rights.Through the combing and comparison of different viewpoints,it is concluded that the establishment of the right of residence by bequest should adopt the doctrine of registration and validity,so as to ensure the publicity and legal protection of the real right.However,the establishment of the right of resi-dence by testamentary succession should adopt the principle of registration declaration to main-tain the stability of the rights and interests of the heirs and the judicial efficiency.Finally,based on the considerations of legal provisions,property rights protection and practical operation,the rules for dealing with the change of property rights of residence rights under the testamentary mode ap-plicable to China’s national conditions are proposed.