环境规制、绿色创新与农业碳生产率

Environmental Regulation,Green Innovation and Agricultural Carbon Productivity

尽管中国农业温室气体排放量占排放总量的比重为16%左右,但农业领域的环境规制会诱致涉农工业的绿色技术创新,进而降低碳减排。文章基于中国2000—2016年省级面板数据,对农业碳生产率进行了系统测算,并将农业领域的环境规制分为命令型、市场型与自愿型环境规制三类,将绿色创新主体细分为涉农企业与涉农科研院校两类,构建联立方程模型分析农业环境规制对农业绿色创新、农业碳生产率的影响机制、异质性作用以及农业绿色创新的溢出效应。结果表明:(1)三类农业环境规制均对涉农企业的农业绿色创新具有促进作用,进而提升了农业碳生产率,验证了农业领域的强“波特假说”。其中,市场型环境规制对农业碳生产率的直接影响尤为重要。(2)将农业绿色创新的溢出效应纳入模型后,环境规制与农业绿色创新的本地效应有所减弱。邻近地区或生态相似地区的农业绿色创新溢出可以直接提升本地区的农业碳生产率,并可以显著促进本地区两类主体农业绿色创新水平的提升,且通过涉农企业的农业绿色创新间接提升本地区农业碳生产率。基于此,论文提出建立均衡多样的农业环境规制体系,搭建创新生态网络、提高农业绿色创新能力,重视农业创新的供需对接、完善农业技术推广体系等建议,以助推农业低碳发展。

Faced with global environmental issues climate change,countries are exploring the path of green and low-carbon development.The low-carbon transformation of agriculture is a necessary part of China's implementation of the"carbon peak and carbon neutrality"strategic goal.Faced with the dual constraints of resources and environment,clarifying the internal mechanism and key path to improve agricultural carbon productivity,resolving the contradiction between resource environment and agricultural economic development,is an inherent requirement for the development of green and low-carbon agriculture.Agricultural green innovation,as a key driving force for low-carbon transformation in agriculture,has been vigorously developed.The government also attaches great importance to using environmental regulation interventions to achieve coordinated development between the environment and the economy.However,the role of environmental regulation in green innovation is still controversial.Studying the impact of heterogeneous environmental regulations on agricultural green innovation and the path of their impact on agricultural carbon productivity,testing the validity of the"Porter hypothesis"in the agricultural field,and exploring how to reasonably optimize agricultural environmental regulations according to national conditions have important theoretical and practical significance for achieving green and high-quality agricultural development and achieving the"dual carbon"goal.The article uses provincial-level panel data from China from 2000 to 2016 to first measure agricultural carbon productivity and conduct descriptive feature analysis on it;Secondly,a simultaneous equation model was constructed for empirical analysis,dividing agricultural environmental regulations into three categories:command based,market based,and voluntary.The subjects of agricultural green innovation were subdivided into two categories:agricultural enterprises and agricultural research institutions.The impact mechanism,heterogeneity,and spillover effects of agricultural environmental regulations on agricultural green innovation and agricultural carbon productivity were explored.The results indicate that:(1)Three types of agricultural environmental regulations,namely command based,market based,and voluntary based,all have a positive effect on the agricultural green innovation of agricultural enterprises,which in turn enhances agricultural carbon productivity and validates the strong"Porter hypothesis"in the agricultural field.Among them,the direct impact of market-oriented environmental regulations on agricultural carbon productivity is more important.Command based and voluntary environmental regulations also have a significant promoting effect on agricultural green innovation in agricultural research institutions,but the impact of this subject's agricultural green innovation on agricultural carbon productivity has not been tested,thus verifying the weak"Porter hypothesis"in the agricultural field;(2)After incorporating the spillover effects of agricultural green innovation into the model,the results are still consistent with the conclusion of benchmark regression,but the role of environmental regulation and the local effects of agricultural green innovation have decreased.The results also indicate that the spillover of agricultural green innovation in neighboring or ecologically similar areas can directly improve the agricultural carbon productivity of the region,and can significantly promote the improvement of the agricultural green innovation level of the two main entities in the region.Moreover,through the agricultural green innovation of agricultural enterprises,the agricultural carbon productivity of the region can be indirectly improved.Based on the research findings,the policy recommendations proposed in the research are as follows:firstly,establish a balanced and diverse environmental regulatory system,pay attention to the coordination and cooperation of regulatory tools,and implement them scientifically according to local conditions;Secondly,strengthen policy support for green innovation activities of agricultural enterprises,stimulate the supply of agricultural green research and development,and improve"market failure";Thirdly,improve the efficiency of public research investment,solve the problem of inconsistent supply and demand of green technologies in agriculture in the public sector,and improve"government failure".