课程的选择性:证成与达成

Curriculum Selection:Justification and Realization

增加选择性是当前我国基础教育课程改革的重要目标之一。对这一目标的证成主要有需求论、个性论、潜能论和自由论等立场,但这些立场都面临一些重要的理论或实践困境。要克服这些困境,离不开对“共同基础”这个基本前提及其与选择之间关系的确认:“共同基础”即所有学生应该获得的基本发展或基本要求,它折射出教育目的在国家、社会与个体之间的平衡与整合;“共同基础”之上的选择、“共同基础”之内的选择、选择之中的“共同基础”,则是处理二者关系的不同方案。在实现条件上,需要考虑所提供的课程选项在品类上的多样性、在价值上的合理性、在经验上的包容性等规范特征。学校实践层面,应以“基础”引导课程的个性化,以“综合”促进课程的包容性,以“内在”提升课程的价值性,以“指导”增进课程的适应性。

The increase in selective curriculums is one of the important goals of the curriculum reform in China's basic education.The justification of this goal mainly lies in such positions as students'needs,personality,potentials and freedom,but these positions face important theoretical or practical dilemmas.To tackle these dilemmas,we need to clarify the basic premise of the"common basis"and its relationship with the"selections."The"common basis"is the basic development or needs that all students should obtain,which reflects the balance and integration of educational purposes among the country,society and individuals;the selections beyond and within the"common basis,"and the"common basis"within the selections are different solutions to the relationship between the"common basis"and the selections.To offer students more selective courses,we need to consider diversified courses,reasonable value,inclusive experience and other normative characteristics.In terms of school practice,we need to guide the personalized curriculum with the"basis,"promote the inclusive curriculum with"synthesis,"improve the valuable curriculum with"intrinsic value,"and promote the adaptable curriculum with"guidance."