教育资源配置改革与义务教育公共服务均等化——来自北京市多校划片政策试点的证据

The Reform of Educational Resource Allocation and the Equalization of the Public Service for Compulsory Education:Evidence from the Pilot Program for the Multi-School Dicing Policy in Beijing

北京市多校划片政策推动了教育资源配置改革,对促进义务教育公共服务均等化产生了重要影响。聚焦北京市A区的改革试点,基于学区房市场竞争模型与双重差分法,分析多校划片政策对促进义务教育公共服务均等化的效果,并进一步探究影响政策实施效果的主要因素。研究表明,多校划片政策产生了“优质教育选择空间放大”和“优质教育获取机会增加”的双重均等化效应。从家庭特征、施策环境与政策细则等多角度剖析政策实施效果的影响因素后发现:第一,父母受教育程度越高,多校划片政策的教育均等化效应越显著,而家庭教育选择“逐优偏好”的路径依赖决定了多校划片政策效果与学校教育质量变化幅度正相关;第二,在优质学校相对集聚的片区,多校划片政策的教育均等化效应较弱;第三,在“先单后多”的多校派位规则下,优质学位的稀缺程度也会进一步影响政策效果;第四,“双减”与“公民同招”等政策与多校划片政策作为促进义务教育公共服务均等化的一揽子政策,展现出了较强的协同有效性。

The pilot program for the multi-school dicing policy(dicing-based student enrollment after a student's family chooses several schools in the area where the child's household registration or the family's property ownership is located)in Beijing has pushed forward the reform of educational resource allocation,and has exerted an important influence on the equalization of public service for compulsory education.This study,based on the pilot reform of District A in Beijing,the model for market competitions in housing properties near school districts,and the difference-in-differences method,analyzes the effect of the multi-school dicing policy on the effect of equalized public service for compulsory education,and explores the major factors affecting the practice of the policy.The research results show that the multischool dicing policy has had a dual effect of equalization:enlarging the choices in high-quality education,and increasing the opportunities for high-quality education.The authors analyze the factors affecting the policy implementation from the perspectives of family features,the policy environment and the policy regulations,and find the following:First,a high level of parents'educational backgrounds brings a significant effect on the policy's educational equalization,and the choice of"preference for excellence"in family education determines the positive correlation between the effect of the policy and the change of the school's educational quality;second,in the school districts where high-quality schools gather,the policy's effect of equalization is weak;third,under the rule of"student enrollment according to the rule that the family dices for the opportunity of student enrollment among several schools after student enrollment at the time when the number of students registered according to each family's first choice fails to exceed the number of students to be enrolled according to a school's enrollment plan,"the insufficient quantity of students enrolled by high-quality schools further affects the effect of the policy;fourth,as a package policy to promote the equalization of public service for compulsory education,some policies are synergistically effective,such as those policies involving the reduction of burdens heaped on students by both schools and out-of-school tutoring institutions,concurrent student enrollment in public and private schools,and dicing-based student enrollment after a student's family chooses several schools in the area where the child's household registration or the family's property ownership is located.